A collection of photos through a microscope by Rob Kesseler titled World Within on display in the Bioscience Research Building on March 3, 2020. (Joe Ryan/The Diamondback)

Views expressed in opinion columns are the authors own.

Science can sometimes seem incomprehensible. I would know. Even after three years of taking college-level science classes organic chemistry, neurobiology, you name it Im still stumped by some of the scientific literature out there. I can only imagine how non-scientists must feel.

Science needs to be more accessible to the public, and art has the potential to accomplish that. By conveying scientific information in a form thats easy to consume from photography to drawing and painting we can make science less intimidating and promote open discussion about important issues.

For instance, regular dwellers of the University of Marylands Bioscience Research Building may have noticed Worlds Within,an installation that displays artist Rob Kesselers micrographs of plant cells, pollen, seeds and other internal plant organs. Normally, the recurring patterns found in cells are difficult to view without a microscope. Through his art, however, Kesseler has made the natural worlds hidden geometry visible to anyone passing through the building. No need for lab equipment or elaborate jargon that requires a doctorate in biology to understand. Just one photo and youre hooked.

In addition to making science more inviting to general audiences, art can spark empathetic conversations about scientific problems. For example, I recently attended an exhibition at the Stamp Gallery called Neuro Blooms. Artist Leslie Holt uses embroidery threads and acrylic paint to recreate PET scans of brains experiencing different mental illnesses.

What I found so wonderful about Holts exhibit was the blending of science and art in an effort to destigmatize mental illness, something neither discipline can effectively do on its own. Even thoughone in five U.S. adults struggles with mental illnesses each year, many people dont consider them legitimate medical disorders. Theyre often judged as a make-believe feeling in someones head rather than a matter rooted in science. If we can visualize the science behind mental illness, perhaps we will be better equipped to offer acceptance and empathy to people with these conditions.

The visual element of these exhibitions conveys a much stronger message to general audiences than most scientific articles. And if you can reach a broader audience, you can make a bigger change. Art affects not just what we think about scientific issues, but also how we think about them. Just as Neuro Blooms visualizes the reality of otherwise invisible mental illnesses, Worlds Within demonstrates natures microscopic beauty in an unconventional way. And although esoteric terms and complex formulas certainly have a time and place, making scientific information purposefully hard to understand would be a public disservice.

I appreciate this universitys effort to display science-related art. These exhibitions represent a step toward increasing accessibility, especially for people who normally feel overwhelmed by science. As an educational institution, the university has a duty to promote sharing of ideas among diverse groups of people. Generating a balanced dialogue between the scientific community and the public is vital for maintaining perspective on both ends.

Allison Cochrane is a junior biology major. She can be reached atallisonc@umd.edu.

Continued here:
UMD's science-related art is a positive interaction between STEM and humanities - The Diamondback

CBD for Pets: Questions that Need to Be Pondered Upon Prior to Administering CBD

In todays society, all things CBD is being developed at a relatively fast pace. Initially, talks surrounding the cannabis plant were dismissed altogether because society viewed it as playing a negative role based on one aspect: marijuanas tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). As more research fell into existence, it turns out that THC is just one of the hundreds of cannabinoids within the plant. The most popular to date being cannabidiol (CBD).

What started as a natural alternative to relieving epilepsy, soon extended to potentially ridding one from anxiety, restlessness, inflammation and much more. Presently, consumers can find all sorts of CBD infusions, from vapes and oils to bath bombs and edibles. Most importantly, humans arent the only ones to benefit from the use of CBD! This is where it becomes crucial to investigate the benefits of CBD for pets.

A major concern within the CBD industry is the lack of statistically significant evidence that supports its administration. This is not to say that there arent studies that exist, sure there are, but the problem becomes one of not having enough actual verified research, but as these studies have shown, consumers become confident because we can assess whether the same results can be observed time and again.

In the case of CBD for pets, the number of studies can easily be counted using our fingers and this is not a good indication. With this in mind, heres what you need to know before administering CBD to your beloved pet(s).

Cannabidiol is one of over 100 different types of cannabinoids housed within the cannabis plant. Belonging to the Cannabaceae family, the cannabis plant is known for as hemp and marijuana plants. Marijuana is popularly known for its cannabinoid, THC, because of its ability to induce mind-altering effects. Then theres the hemp plant, which can be used for fiber production or, extracted for CBD, which has been found to house health benefits without affecting ones decision-making capabilities.

CBD is described as having the ability decrease anxiety and pain-related health concerns, while improving sleep among others. According to a 2019 study conducted by S. Shannon et al., of 72 patients in the study, 57 patients (79.2%) witnessed a decrease in anxiousness within a months use, while 48 patients (66.7%) experienced better sleep in the same timeframe.

Another 2019 study by Dipan. P et al. found that CBD decreased both the frequency and severity of behavioral seizures given that the dose was relatively high. Interestingly, this study however found a slightly reduced dosage failed to improve seizure outcome.

As for CBDs ability to ease pain, a study conducted in 2016 found that CBD topicals were able to reduce joint swelling, ultimately concluding that said method of delivery could potentially induce relief for arthritis-related pain.

A number of questions should be in the back of your mind concerning the frequency of CBD use, appropriate dosage, ones condition and so on, but before getting into the finer details, lets take a closer look at how the thought of even introducing CBD to pets came about.

If medicine is human-friendly, does this imply that it is also pet-friendly? In an interview with Global News, co-owner of Dundas West Animal Hospital in Toronto, Canada, Dr. Scott Bainbridge shared that, What works in medicine is usually applicable to animal medicine.

Given the obvious fact that more studies related to pets interaction with CBD are needed, Bainbridge is convinced of its potential to treat similar conditions such as anxiety, arthritis [and] chronic pain. An interesting note also that had been mentioned is the differing number of receptors that humans have compared to that of dogs and cats. This leads to the need to educate consumers on a pets endocannabinoid system.

As reported by Cannimal, an animals biological and physical characteristics and that of humans have a 70 percent compatibility. This implies that like the human body, most animals, with the exception of insects, also have an endocannabinoid system.

The endocannabinoid system is one that houses a network of receptors that regulate and activate the bodys natural and externally provided cannabinoids (i.e. CBD, THC, CBN, CBG, etc.). More precisely, it is a system that contains endocannabinoids that activate CB1 and CB2 receptors (neurons and neurotransmitter release and immune cells and cell migration respectively). Some of the parts of the body that this system is said to influence include the immune system, nerve cell production, sleep, mood, pain and emotions.

When assessing the human endocannabinoid system to that of another mammal, say a dog, there are differences that bears attention. For instance, it has been found that dogs may have a higher number of cannabinoid receptors in the brain compared to that of humans. This means that dogs may be more vulnerable to toxic effects than humans. Another major difference is that dogs supposedly digest cannabinoids differently than humans, which in turn may affect their sensitivity and tolerance levels. Below there is a guide on some of the most popular health benefits associated with CBD use as well as a list of possible edibles to consider using if oils or the best CBD pet products listed below are not suitable.

Speaking regarding the pros and cons of CBD use for dogs is Mark Verdino, Senior VP and Chief of Veterinary staff at North Shore Animal League America. Referring to his experiences and what he has witnessed, Verdino shared with Huff Post that dogs are less reactive to low level of pain stimuli. He supposedly administers CBD to his dog because he typically gets spooked out by the dark. Once the dog ingests CBD, he seems to just go to sleep.

Whats the lesson to be learned from this? Thats something that remains unveiled. More specifically, the really interesting question that stems from this is whether CBD works in reducing the dogs anxiety levels, or was it able to increase drowsiness leading to sleep? To date, there really isnt an answer as to how CBD interacts with ones endocannabinoid system (in both human and pets cases).

Another veterinarian, Stephanie McGrath spoke of her viewpoint on CBD for pets with CNET. Like Verdino, McGrath found the lack of research alarming. She first looked into its uses back in 2013 and 2014, in which she shared that there was no, real, good scientific literature in the human world, let alone the veterinary research world.

Today, she is deemed one of the initiating researchers within the veterinary cannabis field. Her study in 2016 looked at different how dogs reacted to different CBD infusions. She was able to conclude a preferred medium, however, do the results tell a complete story becomes food for thought. In particular, she said:

All weve basically done is give this drug to these dogs and said, okay, this is what were seeing, but whether or not the blood levels achieved are adequate enough to treat certain diseases, we dont know yet.

While McGrath is optimistic about CBD, noting that it would be an alternative that is consistent and carries very little side effects, she hesitates in recommending CBD to pet owners, depending on a dogs health condition.

For instance, she shared that she would be concerned about giving CBD to a dog with liver issues because CBD, as per the veterinarian, gets metabolized by the liver. Furthermore, she is unsure as to whether or not she would give CBD to a dog who takes another medication that also gets metabolized in the liver. All-in-all, her concerns stem from not knowing how interactions between CBD and the body, along with what CBD and how the presence of other prescription medications work together.

Finally, lets look at what New Jersey-based, award-winning veterinarian, Dr. Adam Christman has to share regarding CBD uses for pets. In discussing this topic with the Huffington Post, a veterinarian, who is also a board member of the New Jersey Veterinary Medical Association, deems that theres anecdotal evidence regarding the benefits of CBD for pets.

In mentioning the 2017 Cornell University study, which involved administering CBD to dogs with osteoarthritis twice a day, he argued that:

The result seems to support anecdotal reports of CBD oils benefits for pain and anxiety. However, we are truly unsure of its true safety and potential drug interactions with traditional medications. Therefore, theres a very gray zone on this.

Christman, like the previously mentioned veterinarians, seems to be aware of the proclaimed benefits of taking CBD, but have chosen to take on a neutral stance because of the lack of understanding on how CBD works. Without this information, even the thought of a veterinarian recommending products seems to have become a dragging their feet task!

The FDA has yet to approve all of the benefits of CBD that consumers are already been made aware of. So far, they have only approved one CBD-based prescription medication for humans called Epidiolex. Based on a post from earlier this year by NBC News, who referenced spokesperson, Lindsay Haake, the FDA has placed no restrictions on extralabel use of Epidiolex in animals.

Some of the areas that the FDA will be focusing on moving forward include marijuana and marijuana-derived products advertised for pet use. Haake reminded consumers that, once again, the claims made regarding CBD should not be assumed safe to use. In the event that one requires clarification of any doubts that may arise, it is best to seek help and advice from a veterinarian before beginning a CBD regime with their own pets.

Verdino has given his thoughts as to which CBD brand to go with. According to the veterinarian, it is ideal to go with a targeted pet-specific product. This was mentioned merely to understand and keep in mind when considering purchasing a CBD for your pet, because of the many different concentrations of CBD on the market, which is typically much lower for pets than humans due to the pet's sensitivities.

Besides a tailored product, Verdino prefers one that is more veterinary-specific and made using a reputable company and manufacturer. An example he says is that of the human-targeted CBD gummies. For starters, he said gummies come in different flavors, which can either be natural or artificial, i.e. Xylitol. An ingredient like Xylitol may not be harmful to humans, but they are deemed toxic to animals.

McGraths study in 2016 looked at different methods of delivery of CBD and its effects on dogs. She primarily looked at the effectiveness of CBD products that can come in many different forms, such as, capsules, oils, and topical solutions. Each dog was reported to have been administered a single dose of each of the three delivery methods, and then their blood levels were measured over 12 hours.

Of the three delivery methods, McGraths study found that the CBD oil itself had the best pharmacokinetic profile. Simply put, the oil was absorbed in the blood at a high concentration, then continued to remain in the blood for a substantial period of time and performed consistently across different variety's of dogs. Following the CBD oil, the capsule delivery method came in second, with the topical creams coming in last, because the topical cremes had supposedly performed inconsistently.

In addition to CBD oils possibly being one of the best method of deliveries for pets, McGrath emphasized on quality control. This, again, has to do with the cannabis markets lack of regulation from the FDA. Due to the lack of regulations, products may be potentially mislabeled. This poses a problem because a cannabinoid like THC, might be advertised as not being present in the product, but even the slightest presence could be toxic to cats and dogs.

Even as obvious as it may sound, but in reality, consumers do not always read the products ,abels for direction of use and doseages. Reading the product labels can allow the consumer to look for helpful aspects that induce a sense of confidence, while depicting how much a brand cares about what they are delivering.

As per cannabis consultant and co-founder of the Veterinary Cannabis Academy, Stephen Cital, labels including Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) and/or the National Animal Supplement Council (NASC) seal are some indicators of the use of safe ingredients in product offerings. This was underlined because certain human-friendly ingredients arent so friendly for pets (i.e. the aforementioned Xylitol and grapeseed oil among others) reports the Washington Post.

Another way to assess a brand is by their level of transparency, which includes making their Certificate of Analysis (CoA) available to consumers. The CoA is granted only to a brand when independent third-party testing has been verified and followed through on. This also allows pet owners to understand the strength/concentration of CBD within a product.

Founder of Veterinary Cannabis Education, Casara Andre also discussed CBD uses with Washington Post, where she advised consumers that CBD may or may not interact with medication. In particular, she said:

We do see the strength of pharmaceuticals increase when dogs are taking CBD, so we can often taper down some of those pharmaceuticals.

That said, she recommends speaking to a veterinarian first. While they might not have all the exact answers, they surely have enough medical background to give sound advice and possibly give recommendations on reducing the possible risks of harming the pet's life.

When it comes to dosage, there is no exact amount that is recommended, whether it be humans or animals. The reason why this is so, as per Andre, is because cannabis is a very individualized medicine, therefore, the best way to approach dosing is by start[ing] low and go[ing] slow. The expert also believes it is ideal to retort to tinctures rather than chew treats merely because it becomes easier to track how much has already been administered.

One factor that is rarely spoken of is how ones CBD goods are stored. Cital once again shares why this factor is a crucial one. The main argument he makes is that, oils and treats can change when exposed to either heating or extreme cold. Any alteration in color could imply damages introduced. In particular, he shared:

Cannabinoids are susceptible to degradation. Oils and treats should be kept at room temperature and away from bright lights or sunlight [] If you have an oil that has changed colors, its probably damaged and should be discarded.

The above clearly shows that pet owners have a lot of assessments to do. One would assume that evaluating a brand would suffice, but due to the lack of understanding and statistically significant results, the smallest detail cannot go unmissed. In addition to the brand, labels, and lab results provided, pet owners need to evaluate why theyve chosen CBD as a solution for their pets, and what this means for the latter. Some questions to bear in mind:

The list is truly ongoing, and this is good because this gives researchers several possible directions to take to study the relationship between CBD and pet health.

The following list of products is compiled based on some of the previously mentioned factors that pet owners have to assess. While some products are veterinarian-specific, others are not. This is not to say that one is better than the other, but more so to give consumers an idea of what is commonly found in products from different brands.

Elevate CBD manufactures doctor-developed, pharmaceutical quality, lab-tested, CBD products. A key player on this team includes Senior Medical Advisor, Dr. Murdoc Khaleghi who is tasked with developing and testing the overall effectiveness of Elevate CBD products.

As for Elevate CBDs pet line, the only product currently available is the Dog Wellness Biscuits. Each biscuit is said to contain 5mg of hemp extract with under 0.3 percent of THC by weight. Each batch of biscuits is baked with natural ingredients while avoiding the likes of salt, sugar, additives or preservatives. Finally, not only were the biscuits produced in an FDA-registered, GMP facility, but they also underwent testing to optimize the accuracy of potency, quality, and safety.

MediPets is a pharmacist-formulated CBD brand that offers a solution to pets of all breeds and sizes. Some of the different products pet owners can choose from including CBD treats, oils and sprays. All of the products are made from USA-based hemp and have undergone third-party testing. Deemed the pioneer within the CBD industry for pets, MediPets only uses organic and all-natural hemp.

If one looks closely at the oils being offered, it is clear that each formula has been tailored to accommodate a pets size along with a wide range of strengths (i.e. regular to extremely strong). According to their official website, a tiered system was used for dosing where pets that fall under Tier 1 should be given 0.05mg per lb of body weight followed by Tier 2 (0.125mg/lb) and Tier 3 (0.25mg/lb).

HempMy Pet is a vertically integrated hemp company that uses organic ingredients in their products. Also, the ingredients used are deemed 100% human-grade, which means that their pet products can also be consumed by humans. The source of hemp goes back to Colorado, with every product containing full-spectrum hemp extract. In addition to being gluten-free, pets are offered goods that are also GMO-free, pesticide-free, cruelty-free and free of any fillers, additives, and others. Again, the choices are endless, as they carry dog treats and oils to sprays.

King Kanine has developed several pet products to date. The first of its like is the King Komb, which aims to eliminate the shedding. Moving slightly away from self-cleaning tools is their King KALM CBD Oil consisting of CBD and arctic krill oil.

In addition to manufacturing and quality-testing processes, the team at King Kanine abides by strict compliance with local and federal laws. In 2018, the brand was recognized for carrying the best CBD products. Finally, when it comes to the CBD line itself, pet owners can pick from oils, dog balms, and sprays.

ElleVet Sciences is devoted to offering pets scientifically proven products. Given the obvious existence of anecdotal evidence supporting CBDs effectiveness in pets and owners, the team at ElleVet Sciences took a step further by partnering with the Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine to conduct a clinical trial. Said study led to the conclusion that 85 percent of dogs experienced a positive, statistically significant improvement in terms of their comfort levels and happiness.

Currently, the veterinary-focused brand offers CBD oils and chews. The reason for offering these two delivery methods rests in ensuring that pets have options to choose from. Oils are deemed ideal for pets who have a food allergy, skin sensitivity and are known to having a longer-lasting effect, while chews are argued as being a proper way of tending to picky eaters and smaller dogs.

Medterra CBD takes pride in being U.S. Hemp Authority Certified. This means that the brand abides by high standards, best practices and self-regulation, and goes above and beyond in ensuring that the offerings are safe for pets. Products contain Kentucky-based industrial hemp, which abides by the Kentucky Department of Agriculture. To ensure consistency and purity across all products, the team takes extensive measures in lab-testing, primarily ensuring that they have been third-party tested.

The two main delivery methods for pets include oils and chews, where the latter focuses primarily on tending to joint support. As for the oils, they either come in its natural, beef or chicken flavors. That said, consumers need not worry, as the flavored oils are made of a natural proprietary blend safe for pets.

A brand bearing cats and dogs in mind, Therabis CBD aims to regulate pets emotional and physical health among others. Founder, Dr. Stephen M. Katz has over 25 years of veterinarian experience, which is reasoned as being the backbone of this brand. Given his expertise, all products were made with scientific research on mind, each combining natural ingredients and broad-spectrum hemp along with other essential vitamins and minerals.

To ensure quality is on par, each and every good is said to be produced in an FDA-approved, GMP facility with products being tested by third parties labs. As for their offerings, they entail an array of chews focusing on different areas of pet health.

Based on the sample list of products, a number of things can be witnessed right off the bat. First, the source of hemp used is locally grown, all-natural and or organic. In the case that they arent locally grown, the teams appear to have some system in place that traces all steps of a supply chain. This is crucial, as any gap in the supply chain can make it difficult to pinpoint the cause of possible harms that arise from an ineffective product.

Next, THC is anywhere between none to the accepted minimum. One cannot stress how important this piece of information is! A pets bodily system cannot handle as much as a human can. That said, the slight increase in THC could lead to the death of a pet, and this is something that has made the headlines on a number of occasions.

Following cannabinoids, presence comes flavoring. Anything that goes into a product tailored for pets, is once again natural. Across all of the aforementioned brands, not a single artificial ingredient was included. Again, this is vital, as preservatives that humans are accustomed to are deemed toxic for animals.

Finally, testing, testing, and even more testing! When selecting a brand, if no mention on testing has been made, then pet owners should take the time to dig a little deeper. The reason for the need for more information simply rests in the lack of regulation of the CBD market and the honest fact that some brands flourish into existence to ride the waves of profit.

According to the American Veterinary Medical Associations Poison Control Center, there has been a 700 percent increase in marijuana-related poisoning in pets in 2019 alone reports Forbes. This is partly due to the repeated reason that the CBD industry lacks regulation, but also partly because consumers are not given a specific dosage to go by.

While oils appear to be the safest way to go about CBD products for pets, sometimes giving excessive servings can lead to unwanted side effects. Interestingly, it has been found that when CBD-infused treats are excessively fed to pets, they experience tummy aches. Then theres the presence of THC, which can be life-threatening to pets. Other possible symptoms include (but are not limited to):

In addition, AKC TV reported that dogs can experience some of the commonly experienced side effects by humans. These include dry mouth, lowered blood pressure and drowsiness.

One key takeaway of this piece is that when pet owners are in doubt, they should seek advice from veterinarians. While this is an intuitive move, theres just so much help that said professionals can offer. Veterinarians can help educate consumers on the risk of cannabinoids for animals, the existence of unapproved products in the market and measures that can be taken to limit the potential harm from ingesting CBD. That said, heres what veterinarians will not do:

It is important to mention here that the aforementioned only applies to states that do not approve any form of recommendations related to CBD uses for pets.

A common question that is asked among pet owners is how long an oil is expected to last. Knowing this can be helpful in restricting how much is given to pets. That said, on average a two-ounce bottle is expected to last anywhere between 1.5 and 2 months.

According to the American Veterinarian Medical Association, cases involving poisoned pets stems from their ingestion of CBD edibles. This is not because of the presence of toxic ingredients, but particularly ingredients that are deemed toxic for animals. Something as simple as chocolate can negatively affect an animal.

A major indicator if ones dog has been poisoned by some CBD good is if he or she appears depressed and is dribbling urine. Likewise, cats can easily get poisoned if their respective CBD products contain plant material.

In general, CBD providers argue that humans and animals are not likely to experience an overdose. In the case of pets, there really is no yes or no answer. Presently, consumers have been made aware of the fact that too much THC in an animals body can lead to death, but theres really nothing at the moment that can be said regarding CBD. That said, pet owners need to carefully administer and keep track of how much theyve already given.

CBD is not illegal in any of the 50 states ever since the 2018 Farm Bill has passed. That said, consumers need to study what the laws are based on each respective state. For instance, there might be a number of states that support CBD only for medicinal purposes, implying that they need some health professional to consent said uses. Speaking of legality, the majority of the states that have approved CBD uses, have only done so for human consumption. This does not mean that pets also make up this list.

Now, let's transition into why humans take CBD for all of its proclaimed beneficial associations and also mention a few of the top trending cannabidiol-infused edibles that humans eat (and likely give bits and pieces to their pets although may not be recommended given dosage or undesired reaction) as a comparison to the animal-specific brands reviewed above.

Natural remedies seem preferable to traditional medicines for common problems that affect men and women on a daily basis. Those who are interested in a natural remedy may want to consider giving cannabidiol a chance. The good news is that cannabidiol may have a number of potential benefits that could work well to serve user needs.

Here is what users (humans and possibly pets) may expect:

First and foremost, those who suffer from chronic pain may find CBD to be a prime solution. The CBD may be able to address the pain that arises in the endocannabinoid system. To date, CBD has been approved in Canada to help mitigate pain among those who suffer from fibromyalgia and cancer. It also seems that many may turn to CBD because it does not create the same addiction issues as other pain relievers.

Second, CBD may be able to help those who suffer from childhood epilepsy. Limited studies into CBD have been conducted, which found that it has been able to reduce bouts of seizures. In a study published by the New England Journal of Medicine, it was suggested that CBD may be able to reduce the frequency of seizures among those with epilepsy by 23 percent.

Third, CBD may be able to reduce bouts of anxiety and depression. Current studies show that depression impacts about 6% of the population, while depression affects 18%. Those who have PTSD, social anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorder may find CBD as a viable solution for such problems.

Fourth, there has been some research concerning CBDs ability to destroy bacteria, particularly those that are resistant to drugs. Although there is still more research needed in the area, the initial findings seem promising. In 2011, a study was conducted concerning CBDs ability to slow down tuberculosis among rats. Researchers surmised, based on the findings, that the CBD was able to prevent the proliferation of T-cells.

Fifth, chronic inflammation tends to be a problem that affects many today. It also may be the underlying cause of various health problems, such as heart disease, autoimmune disease, and more. There is information out there to suggest that CBD may be able to reduce inflammation.

Sixth, oxidative stress is another factor that tends to influence ones health and it occurs when there are too many free radicals in ones system. One study in 2010 determined that CBD oil act as an antioxidant and as a result, it may reduce free radical damage as well.

Seventh, schizophrenia is a terrible health condition and though the traditional management options are therapy and pharmaceutical drugs, some are also turning to CBD to reduce hallucinations. However, there is still more research needed in the area. Further, it should also be noted that products that have THC are likely not going to have a positive impact on the psychosis effect, but rather, they may make it worse.

Eighth, CBD may be able to promote a healthier weight. There are those who suggest that it can help promote fat breakdown, it may burn calories, and it may help maintain healthy blood sugar levels. Additionally, CBD may be able to promote the conversation of white fat to brown fat, which is better for the body.

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CBD Pet Products: Best CBD Pet Brands and Animal Administration Guide - TimesOfCBD

Global Animal Stem Cell Therapy Market From PMRs Viewpoint

Decorated with a team of 300+ analysts, PMR Insights serves each and every requirement of the clients while preparing market reports. With digital intelligence solutions, we offer actionable insights to our customers that help them in overcoming market challenges. Our dedicated team of professionals perform an extensive survey for gathering accurate information associated with the market.

PMR, in its latest business report elaborates the current situation of the global Animal Stem Cell Therapy market in terms of volume (x units), value (Mn/Bn USD), production, and consumption. The report scrutinizes the market into various segments, end uses, regions and players on the basis of demand pattern, and future prospect.

In this Animal Stem Cell Therapy market study, the following years are considered to project the market footprint:

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On the basis of product type, the global Animal Stem Cell Therapy market report covers the key segments,

Key Participants

The key participants in the animal stem cell therapy market are Magellan Stem Cells, ANIMAL CELL THERAPIES, Abbott Animal Hospital, VETSTEM BIOPHARMA, Veterinary Hospital and Clinic Frisco, CO, etc. The companies are entering into the collaboration and partnership to keep up the pace of the innovations.

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Animal Stem Cell Therapy market players Player 1, Player 2, Player 3, and Player 4, among others represent the global Animal Stem Cell Therapy market. The market study depicts an extensive analysis of all the players running in the Animal Stem Cell Therapy market report based on distribution channels, local network, innovative launches, industrial penetration, production methods, and revenue generation. Further, the market strategies, and mergers & acquisitions associated with the players are enclosed in the Animal Stem Cell Therapy market report.

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Animal Stem Cell Therapy Market by Segmentation Based on Product, Application and Region, 2019-2025 - Jewish Life News

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Middle school teachers from across North Alabama are getting a hands-on experience to help their students understand who they are.

The HudsonAlpha Middle School GPS Workshop is focused on giving educators new ways to teach genetics and genomics inside their classrooms.

"We work with our friends at AMSTI, the Alabama State Department of Education," said HudsonAlpha Educator Learning Specialist Jennifer Hutchison. "They have specialists throughout the state and they help us identify where there might be needs for classroom resources that can help teachers to hit that content."

So the HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology designed a new set of educational tools that will explain those concepts.

"We have identified some areas in the 7th-grade course of study where there are needs for hands-on resources for our teachers to be able to teach students," said Hutchison. "As a result of that, we actually developed two brand new kits that we are going to train the teachers on."

The kits are pet-themed storylines.

The first kit is called "Gaudy Goldfish." The other is called "Cat Conundrum." The students will use these kits to learn about artificial selection and gene therapy.

Students will use this kit to learn about artificial selection with fish. Researchers, or students, can use artificial selection to develop desirable traits in plants and animals.

Hutchison said students will pair two goldfish together to produce the most appealing offspring traits. Think of it as natural selection - except this involves human interference.

"There's a colony of cats at Auburn University that have been studied for quite a long time," said Hutchison. "They call them shaky cats because they have symptomology in which they have issues with their gait and the way that they move."

Symptomology is the study of the symptoms of diseases.

"As a result of the knowledge of those cats they have developed a gene therapy that allows them to insert a functioning gene into the cats so they produce an appropriate amount of enzymes that will break down the substrates that build up and causes the symptomology," said Hutchison.

The cats walked better when they received that therapy. When the 7th-graders open up Kit #2, they'll use locks and keys to understand the workings of gene therapy.

"Locks and keys are frequently used to model enzyme substrates. The keys are modeling the enzymes and the locks are modeling the substrates," said Hutchison. "We actually map out a nerve cell on the floor and we actually have substrates moving into the cell and going to an enzyme."

Hutchison said the students would be forming an enzyme-substrate complex to see if the key (the enzyme) is going to unlock the lock (the substrate.) If the key unlocks the lock - the lock moves out of the "cell" so it's not "building-up." In short - this is what you call gene therapy.

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Global Canine Stem Cell Therapy Market- Segment Analysis, Opportunity Assessment, Competitive Intelligence, Industry Outlook 2016-2026

This report studies the Canine Stem Cell Therapy market with many aspects of the industry like the market size, market status, market trends and forecast, the report also provides brief information of the competitors and the specific growth opportunities with key market drivers. Find the complete Canine Stem Cell Therapy market analysis segmented by companies, region, type and applications in the report.

New vendors in the market are facing tough competition from established international vendors as they struggle with technological innovations, reliability and quality issues. The report will answer questions about the current market developments and the scope of competition, opportunity cost and more.

The major players covered in Canine Stem Cell Therapy are: VetStem Biopharma, Medrego, and Magellan Stem Cells, amongst others.

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Canine Stem Cell Therapy Market in its database, which provides an expert and in-depth analysis of key business trends and future market development prospects, key drivers and restraints, profiles of major market players, segmentation and forecasting. A Canine Stem Cell Therapy Market provides an extensive view of size; trends and shape have been developed in this report to identify factors that will exhibit a significant impact in boosting the sales of Canine Stem Cell Therapy Market in the near future.

The report provides a brief timeline for each segment of the Global Canine Stem Cell Therapy Market. Key drivers and restraints impacting the market segments are also demonstrated precisely. It also helps in determining reasons for the progress of certain segments over others in the looming years. The Global Canine Stem Cell Therapy Market is also segmented on the basis of geography in the United States, Europe, India, Japan, China, and Southeast Asia. The geographical segmentation provides a distinct assessment of the factors supporting these regions, the favorable regulatory policies, and the impact of the political frameworks.

The Canine Stem Cell Therapy market is a comprehensive report which offers a meticulous overview of the market share, size, trends, demand, product analysis, application analysis, regional outlook, competitive strategies, forecasts, and strategies impacting the Canine Stem Cell Therapy Industry. The report includes a detailed analysis of the market competitive landscape, with the help of detailed business profiles, SWOT analysis, project feasibility analysis, and several other details about the key companies operating in the market.

The study objectives of this report are:

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In addition to this, regional analysis is conducted to identify the leading region and calculate its share in the global Canine Stem Cell Therapy. Various factors positively impacting the growth of the Canine Stem Cell Therapy in the leading region are also discussed in the report. The global Canine Stem Cell Therapy is also segmented on the basis of types, end users, geography and other segments.

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Global Canine Stem Cell Therapy Market Executive Summary and Analysis by Top Players 2020-2026: VetStem Biopharma, Medrego, and Magellan Stem Cells,...

About a year ago, Cheryl Timmons was worried her dog Baxter would soon need to retire from being a therapy dog due to arthritis in his hips.

The 99-pound German shepherds physical health was wearing down after years of bringing joy to childrens hospitals, senior homes and courtrooms, where he served as the first and only service dog providing comfort to child trafficking victims in Orange County.

Timmons, who rescued Baxter from the streets of San Bernardino, worried that she may even have to put him down.

To combat the worsening arthritis, Timmons took him to therapy sessions. A GoFundMe campaign to help pay for the therapy reached a goal of $4,500.

But the arthritis was still taking hold, affecting how Baxter functioned during long workdays.

Then in late August, he was given stem cell injections as part of a new study at the Anaheim Hills Pet Clinic. The effort, headed by San Diego-based Animal Cell Therapies, is testing whether stem cells can help alleviate arthritis in dogs weighing 70 pounds or more.

Baxter, now 11 years old, has been feeling better since he received his injection.

His arthritis is greatly improved, Timmons said. I swear by the stem cell treatment. It has made such a huge difference.

Everybody in the court would notice that he wasnt having a good day. Now hes looking great again. Hes running through the courtroom. He is one happy boy.

Baxter was one of about 10 dogs that was tested at the Anaheim clinic. Animal Cell Therapies is conducting the testing at a dozen clinics throughout the country.

There are about 35 dogs currently enrolled in the study. Researchers are hoping to test between 60 and 80 dogs.

Kathy Petrucci, chief executive of Animal Cell Therapies, said its too early to tell whether the treatment is successful in treating arthritis in large dogs, but the early results are promising.

The company conducted a similar study a year ago, which showed benefits for arthritis in dogs under 70 pounds. However, the results were mixed for bigger dogs.

Petrucci said they increased the dosage for the current study.

We dont know every single mechanism that is involved ... it helps decrease inflammation in the joints, Petrucci said of the treatment. We think that the cells secrete a lot of positive beneficial growth factors that help decrease inflammation, help make the environment a better, more friendly place for more normal cells to come in and help repair the joints.

Whatever the cause, Timmons just hopes the treatment allows Baxter to keep doing what he does best.

With the stem cells, he acts like hes invincible, Timmons said, laughing. I really hope he is.

To enroll in the study, visit dogstemcellstudy.com.

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Study tests whether stem cells heal arthritis in large dogs - Los Angeles Times

(RTTNews) - Shares of Rubius Therapeutics Inc. (RUBY) have lost over 57 percent of their value from the yearly high of $20.04, recorded on April 5, 2019, and trade around $8.

Rubius Therapeutics is a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company developing a new class of medicines called Red Cell Therapeutics that are genetically engineered red blood stem cells for the treatment of rare enzyme deficiencies, cancer, and autoimmune diseases.

The Company's first investigational product to enter clinical trials is RTX-134, designed to treat phenylketonuria (PKU).

A phase Ib trial of RTX-134 for the potential treatment of patients with phenylketonuria was initiated in January of this year. This trial is designed to enroll 12 patients.

Phenylketonuria, or PKU, is a genetic dietary condition in which patients are deficient in the enzyme needed to break down dietary phenylalanine (Phe). This condition may lead to intellectual disability, delayed development, impaired cognitive function, and irreversible brain damage.

There are two approved medications to treat PKU - BioMarin's Palynziq and Kuvan.

According to a report by market research and consulting company Grand View Research, the global phenylketonuria treatment market size was valued at $445.8 million in 2018, and is expected to register a CAGR of 11.0% from 2019 to 2026.

Initial clinical data from the first patients enrolled in the phase Ib trial of RTX-134, including preliminary safety, the longevity of RTX-134 in circulation and proof-of-mechanism as measured by the production of trans-cinnamic acid (TCA), a metabolite of phenylalanine when degraded by phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), are expected this year.

The other products in the pipeline are:

-- RTX-240 for the treatment of solid tumors, for which an IND has been filed with the FDA. The Company expects to get clearance for the RTX-240 IND this year.

-- RTX-321 for the treatment of HPV-positive tumors. An IND for RTX-321 is expected to be filed by year-end.

Rubius ended September 30, 2019, with cash, cash equivalents and investments of $324.7 million.

RUBY has traded in a range of $6.96 to $20.04 in the last 1 year.

The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc.

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Rubius Therapeutics (RUBY) Aiming To Make 2020 The Year Of Execution - Nasdaq

Global Canine Stem Cell Therapy Market: Overview

The global canine stem cell therapy market has seen vast developments in the past few years in terms of the technology available for obtaining, preserving, and using stem cells. The costs of canine stem cell therapy have also seen a notable decline over the years and stem cells are becoming a preferred mode of treating a number of ailments affecting canines. Moreover, studies showing the excellent level of safety granted by allogeneic stem cell therapy are also rising in numbers, leading to increased confidence among pet owners as well as veterinarians regarding canine stem cell therapy.

Global Canine Stem Cell Therapy Market: Trends and Opportunities

Some of the key factors working in favor of the global canine stem cell therapy market are the rising prevalence of chronic diseases in dogs, increase in spending on R&D activities, surge in investment by government bodies, and expenditure on companion animals across the world. Technological advances in diagnostic practices, awareness about the treatment of chronic diseases, and high emphasis on prevention and wellness by veterinarians is expected to propel demand for canine stem cell therapy measures across the globe in the next few years.

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However, the relatively high costs of these therapies, which could sound unaffordable for masses in emerging economies with low disposable incomes, could limit the growth of the market to a certain degree over the reports forecast period. Moreover, in a number of countries across the globe, a large number of veterinary clinics lack advanced infrastructure and facilities. This necessitates referral to specialty veterinary hospitals that have expert veterinarians. Trained veterinarians often charge high costs for advanced therapies such as stem cell therapy. The non-availability of comprehensive pet health insurances makes the scenario grave for a large number of pet owners across the globe.

Global Canine Stem Cell Therapy Market: Segmentation

The report segments the global canine stem cell therapy market based on criteria such as product type, application, end user, and geography. Based on product type, the market has been examined for allogeneic stem cells and autologous stem cells. Of these, the segment of allogeneic stem cells, referring to stem cells that are collected from a healthy, matching donor and not from the patients own body, is the most preferred owing to low cost and the ease of harvesting and using.

In terms of application, the market has been examined for canine ailments such as lameness, arthritis, tendonitis, elbow dysplasia, and atopic dermatitis. Of these, the segment of osteoarthritis accounts for a dominant share in the overall revenue of the global market owing to the high prevalence of the condition in aged dogs. A high population of dogs suffer from the condition as they age but few are treated. This makes the segment highly opportunistic and lucrative for companies operating in the canine stem cell therapy market. Based on end user, the report segments the global canine stem cell therapy market into veterinary clinics, veterinary hospitals, and veterinary research institutes.

Global Canine Stem Cell Therapy Market: Geographical and Competitive Dynamics

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From a geographical standpoint, the report covers the market for canine stem cell therapy in regions such as North America, Asia Pacific, Europe, Latin America, and Middle East and Africa. Presently, the markets in Europe and North America are among the leading contributors of revenue opportunities to the global market owing to the high numbers of pets, high disposable incomes of pet owners, and easy availability of advanced therapies for pets. The high numbers of specialized veterinarians and veterinary clinics in these regions also contribute to the promising growth opportunities held by the canine stem cell therapy market in these regions.

Some of the leading companies operating in the market are VetStem Biopharma, Inc., Regeneus Ltd, Aratana Therapeutics, Inc., VETherapy Corporation, Animal Cell Therapies, Inc., Magellan Stem Cells, and Medrego.

MRR.BIZ has been compiled in-depth market research data in the report after exhaustive primary and secondary research. Our team of able, experienced in-house analysts has collated the information through personal interviews and study of industry databases, journals, and reputable paid sources.

The report provides the following information: Tailwinds and headwinds molding the markets trajectory Market segments based on products, technology, and applications Prospects of each segment Overall current and possible future size of the market Growth pace of the market Competitive landscape and key players strategies

The main aim of the report is to: Enable key stakeholders in the market bet right on it Understand the opportunities and pitfalls awaiting them Assess the overall growth scope in the near term Strategize effectively with respect to production and distribution

MRR.BIZ is a leading provider of strategic market research. Our vast repository consists research reports, data books, company profiles, and regional market data sheets. We regularly update the data and analysis of a wide-ranging products and services around the world. As readers, you will have access to the latest information on almost 300 industries and their sub-segments. Both large Fortune 500 companies and SMEs have found those useful. This is because we customize our offerings keeping in mind the specific requirements of our clients.

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Canine Stem Cell Therapy Market to Witness Growth Acceleration During 2018 2026 - Redhill Local Councillors

PITTSBURGH (KDKA) Dr. Mike Hutchinson, DVM performed his first stem cell procedure in 2008. Nearly 12 years later, he can tell you all about his first case.

It was a lab mix. It couldnt get up on this floor. We tried to help it up, and it was having trouble walking so we treated it, says Hutchinson.

Fourteen days later, it came for suture removal, and it was already walking in here. He even put his front feet on the table.

Based on early success stories like that, KDKA-TV featured a 10-year-old German Shepherd named Angel.

When we met her, Angel limped noticeably from arthritis in her hips. After stem cell treatment, the dogs owner Jane Fornear says her beloved pet looked like a new dog.

Within 48 hours, her eyes were clear, explained Fornear.

She had Angel show us how much better she felt: she asked the big shepherd to sit in front of her, then told Angel, Give me your paw.

WATCH: Angels Journey To Recovery

Angel immediately lifted her right paw and put in in Fornears waiting hand about 3 feet off the ground.

Jane released the paw and said, Give me your other paw. Just as quickly, Angel lifted her left front paw off the ground and put it in Fornears other hand.

You could almost hear the tears building in Fornears voice as she petted her dogs face and ears. We couldnt give our paw before because our arms and legs hurt too much, didnt they?

Fast forward to 2014. Panzer is a large breed mix who tore the anterior cruciate ligament in one of his legs.

Dr. Mike told Panzers owner the dog would be a great candidate to use injected stem cells to help speed healing in the joint.

Sharon Germain remembers that conversation like it just happened: I just sat there going really? And I said anything to make things heal better and make him feel better. I was on board immediately.

Seven months after having the ACL repair surgery with stem cells, KDKA was there with Sharon watching Panzer tear through the November snow in Germains backyard like a hyperactive puppy.

Seeing is believing. Its just Germain paused and then let out a big sigh. It just does your heart good to see this. Germain was fully convinced it had worked for her dog.

Since those early surgeries, Hutchinson has never stopped talking about using stem cells to treat animals that are in pain.

In 2015, he told KDKA, Its just rewarding to hear from grateful pet owners over and over and over, said the Ohio State Vet School graduate. Its why I do it.

Panzer lived four years after his initial stem cell treatment. Germain said he never slowed down because his pain was gone.

It was like nothing ever happened to him. It was like he never even had surgery, says Germain. I mean, outside of a little white hair where the surgery incision was made, that was it.

Many other animals have had similar results. Hutchinson has now given stem cells to more than 1,100 animals. Many of the pets are dogs, but he has also worked with race horses as well as racing camels in the Middle East.

WATCH: Panzers Experience With Stem Cells

He has lectured and scrubbed in on stem cell surgeries around the world, Canada, South America, Australia, and across the United States.

Yet the majority of the surgeries are done at his Animal General veterinary practice in Cranberry, Butler County everyday pets like Baxter who had not one, but two torn ACLs.

They were both completely severed, explained Baxters owner Nicole Mountain of OHara Township.

He had no mobility. He had no use of his back legs. My husband Jeff was carrying him outside to use the bathroom.

Baxter is a not a little dog. He is a 95 pound Staffordshire-terrier mix. He tore those knee ligaments in 2014.

Another orthopedic vet repaired the injured joints with a procedure called PTLO surgery. It involved putting metal plates in his back legs. The Mountains were warned that it would be a long and painful recovery for their dog and for them.

(Photo Credit: KDKA)

Mountain agrees saying it was every bit as bad as they warned and then some.

Baxter was moaning in pain, Mountain says. He was pumped up with so much pain medication he was vomiting. He couldnt hold food down. He couldnt move.

Eighteen months later, Baxter was mostly healed from the surgeries, but he was still in significant pain. That is when the Mountains learned of Dr. Hutchinsons use of stem cells.

Nicole was ready to go from the moment she heard about the procedure. Her husband Jeff wasnt exactly sold.

Ill be honest, when Nicole sent us out there, I thought it was crazy. You know, I honestly did, said Jeff Mountain. I said youre sending us to this Voodoo doctor to do this stem cell treatment. I said, Where is it going to stop?'

Mountain had lived through the ordeal of helping Baxter heal from his ligament problems.

My husband was calling from Samsonite because we had one of those Help-Me harnesses, and he was lifting him up and carrying him out like luggage.

When they heard about how other dogs had been helped by stem cells, they decided to give it a try. Dr. Hutchinson recalls the conversation with the Mountains at their initial consultation.

They wanted to know if the stem cells would help the arthritis, and I said thats exactly what I would treat it with. That would be my gold therapy for that so we did that, and that had a very positive response as well. Then we were able to bank some of those cells for the future, recalls Hutchinson.

It didnt take long for the Mountains to see that Baxter was visibly better.

Within about a month, we started to really see him jumping up on counters for treats, said Jeff Mountain. You know, when we went out to walk him, he is back to running.

Mountain said that wasnt the only change she noticed.

He had this almost it sounds almost funny to say he looked very white, she paused to think. It was almost like his eyes were brighter. He was just a brighter dog. He just looked like, there was a visible difference in him.

Dr. Mike has heard it all many times.

People say it looks like their dogs are younger because their eyes are brighter. They are happier. They are in less pain, and thats a great reward for stem cells, explains Dr. Mike.

One of prospective patients first questions is often how much will it cost? When Hutchinson started, each procedure ran about $3,200. Now it has come down to about $1,800.

It can be less than that. The Mountains have a pet insurance on Baxter, and the stem cell therapy was covered by their policy.

I thought it was cost effective too, reflected Jeff Mountain, compared to other things that weve spent money on for surgeries and treatments for the dogs.

Lets go back to Panzer, Sharon Germains beloved dog. He lived nearly four years after surgery, before dying about a year ago. In retrospect knowing what she knows now, would she spend the out-of-pocket money to do stem cell treatment again on her dog?

Absolutely. Absolutely. The best money spent. Without hesitation, says Germain.

The next question: would you do it again for another dog?

Germain didnt even flinch. Absolutely. I would do it again for me.

She knows all about that too. After seeing how well it worked for her dog, she had stem cells injected into her chronically painful knee. Like her dog, she says her pain was gone in a matter of days, and it hasnt come back.

Dr. Hutchinson stresses stem cells are not a cure-all. They cant be used for every ailment, and Hutchinson says that in every lecture he does on stem cells.

I think its incumbent upon all my colleagues to be ethical and pick the right cases, says Hutchinson.

Its not a panacea. Its for certain cases. Neurological dogs, dogs that are falling over, they have nerve damage. Yeah, there might be a stem cell compassionate use for that and that might be able to help that dog, but Im not going to pretend like thats the common case.

How long do they last?

On average, it doesnt last a lifetime and it lasts maybe a year, a year and a half.

Hutchinson stopped for a second, then continued, But thats huge in a dogs life. They have a short life expectancy. So, if we get a year to year-and-a-half of comfort and pain-free time, thats fantastic. Then we can come back and re-treat them, and expect the similar response when we re-treat them.

Baxters mom Nicole Mountain agrees wholeheartedly that his quality of life is much better than it was before stem cells.

He does not get pain medication. He does not get anti-inflammatories, she claims.

He doesnt take anything thats keeping him comfortable. So for us to have something natural that will last ten, eleven months and then we do again, were thrilled with that.

Dr. Mike harvested enough cells from the original procedure on Baxter that they froze enough for multiple follow-up treatments. Because of that foresight, all they have to do is inject the thawed stem cells into Baxter. Those tune-ups cost about $200 per treatment.

Hutchinson cant say enough about what he has learned since his first stem cell surgery in 2008.

I want to do this every day in my practice because Ive been a vet for a long time, 30 plus years, and when you see the kind of results that were seeing, you know it cant be denied that any veterinarian would want to do what Im doing.

Link:
They Are Happier. They Are In Less Pain: Butler Co. Vet Uses Stem Cell Therapy To Help Heal Dogs - CBS Pittsburgh

All events are free. Other topics covered include the impact of new and emerging global infectious diseases such as coronavirus; innovative new methods for detecting ovarian cancer; the promises and pitfalls of gene editing; the rise of antibiotic-resistant superbugs; the worlds second HIV cure; and using stem cells to regenerate damaged tissues.

Using state-of-the-art technology, researchers are now able to grow organoids miniature versions of organs. In Mini-organs in a dish: how organoids are revolutionising research (12 March), Dr Emma Rawlins, The Gurdon Institute, explains how organoids are grown and discusses why this new technology is so important for biomedical research.

Dr Rawlins said: Scientists have been growing animal and human cells in the laboratory for more than 60 years. While these lab-grown cells are a powerful research tool, providing the basis for important developments in modern medicine, including some cancer drugs, anti-HIV therapies and vaccines, they are grown in very artificial conditions and therefore dont resemble any cells in our bodies. Ten years ago, Professor Hans Clevers and colleagues in the Netherlands invented a more complex cell culture system in which mini-organs, or organoids, could be grown. This discovery has led to a worldwide revolution in cell growth.

Scientists in Cambridge are at the forefront of this research, and mini-guts, livers, lungs, kidneys, placentas and even brains are growing in labs all over the city. This ability to study cells in a more natural setting provides many new and interesting research opportunities. Organoid technology has already been used to study human embryonic development, to test personalised treatments for cystic fibrosis and to replace some of the animals used in drug testing. Scientists are now exploring its potential for growing replacement organs, repairing damaged genes and providing personalised treatments for other diseases.

Researchers are also exploring whether they can print biomaterials to repair organs amongst other healthcare benefits. In 3D printing for healthcare (14 March), Dr Yan Yan Shery Huang, Department of Engineering, gives an overview on how 3D printing technologies could transform the way implants are produced, drugs are screened or perhaps even how damaged organs are repaired.

3D printing is already making impacts on patients needing artificial limbs, where the plastic-based prosthesis can be made 'personalised' to shapes and sizes, with relatively low-cost and short production time, Dr Huang said. For 3D printed personalised implants it is more technologically demanding; although, non-biological material-based implants are making their ways to the market and patients, such as 3D printed dental implants and implants for bone structural reconstruction.

Research is now focused on overcoming challenges in using 3D printing for biological materials and even living materials like cells. Applications are focused on two main streams: bioprinting for tissue and organ function replacements, including printing a scaffold for a heart, a human ear, and a blood vessel-permeated-bioreactor; and bioprinting for drug testing pseudo-models of different levels of complexities, from brain to muscles have already been created. Research is continuing, with the aim to reduce and replace animal studies and to improve the predictive power of the models.

Hardening of the arteries is a widespread condition that is a major cause of cardiovascular disease, including heart attacks and stroke. Stroke is also linked to vascular dementia and is one of the nations major causes of adult disability there is a stroke every five minutes in the UK and costs the economy 26b per annum. This figure is expected to triple by 2035. Despite the huge impact that hardened arteries have for human health, there are still no cures. In More than a blocked pipe: the hardening of arteries and their role in stroke and heart attacks (18 March), Dr Nick Evans, Department of Medicine, and Professor Melinda Duer, Department of Chemistry, discuss their combined efforts to find better diagnoses and treatments. They reveal new research and findings on how hardened arteries can be diagnosed more precisely through PET (positron emission tomography), which is proving to be an excellent way to assess carotid calcification in patients and could lead to potential new drug treatment.

Speaking ahead of the event, Professor Duer said: To stop artery calcification, we need to stop the mineral from forming in the artery wall in the first place. We have very recently discovered that a molecule known as poly(ADP ribose), produced by cells in the artery wall that are stressed from fatty deposits around them, is responsible for initiating the formation of the mineral deposits. poly(ADP ribose) gathers calcium and sticks it to the collagen and other molecules in the artery wall, so concentrating the calcium into specific spots in the artery wall which then allows mineral to form. The exciting treatment possibility is to stop stressed cells from making poly(ADP ribose) if it works, it will be the first drug treatment for vascular calcification.

Dr Evans added: Our newly presented research also shows how we can identify the microcalcification in patients using PET and how it gives us an understanding of the different processes causing atherosclerotic plaques (the hardening of arteries) to become damaged and trigger clots to form that cause a stroke.

Scientists and researchers at the forefront of tackling ovarian cancer are also making breakthroughs. In Tackling ovarian cancer: turning the tide on one of the toughest cancers (19 March), Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute (CRUK CI), the Department of Radiology and AstraZeneca discuss how they are rapidly turning the tide on ovarian cancer using innovative new detection methods and through new treatments, such as Olaparib which was made available in the UK in December 2019.

The new detection methods currently being researched by CRUK CI include liquid biopsy, a process that uses advanced genomic technologies to extract cancer tumour DNA fragments from patients blood plasma. The process offers earlier detection and is far less invasive for patients. Another method is virtual biopsy using state-of-the-art imaging techniques, which is also being researched by the Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge.

The final day of the Festival, Sunday 22nd March, is dedicated to health with over 50 events hosted across Cambridge Biomedical Campus (CBC). Events include Gene editing: rewriting the future! Dr Alasdair Russell, CRUK CI, talks about the CRISPR genome editing revolution, its promise and its pitfalls. In The story of HIV Public Health England and partner organisations discuss the history of HIV in England and show how we have come so far in the diagnosis, treatment and care of people living with the illness. During Open science at the Jeffrey Cheah biomedical centre, visitors can learn more about the new kids on the block on the CBC and chat with scientists about stem cells, infectious diseases, cancer and new therapies. Tours of Royal Papworth Hospital offer a look inside one of the worlds leading heart and lung hospitals and a chance to meet the outstanding teams involved in delivering patient care.

Further related health-related events:

Bookings open on Monday 10 February at 11am.

The full programme can downloaded via Cambridge Science Festival>>>

Image: Talking science with the Department of Materials Science and MetallurgyCredit: Domininkas Zalys

Keep up to date with the Festival on social media via Facebook and Twitter #CamSciFest and Instagram.

This years Festival sponsors and partners are Cambridge University Press, AstraZeneca, Illumina, TTP Group, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge Epigenetix, Cambridge Science Centre, Cambridge Junction, IET, Hills Road 6th Form College, British Science Week, Cambridge University Health Partners, Cambridge Academy for Science and Technology, and Walters Kundert Charitable Trust. Media Partners: BBC Radio Cambridgeshire and Cambridge Independent.

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Cambridge Science Festival showcases new research at the forefront of healthcare and medicine - Cambridge Network