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Dolly the sheep: 20yrs on, what’s the state of play in cloning? – RT

On February 22, 1997 Dolly the sheep, the first mammal successfully cloned from an adult cell, was revealed at her pen in Edinburgh, Scotland, sparking a huge moral furore. So 20 years on, how has cloning developed and are we any closer to human cloning?

Dolly a game-changer

The sheep had been cloned through somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) creating a viable embryo from a body cell and an egg cell.

Dolly had proved the impossible that a new creature could be cloned from an adult cell. It also showed that an egg can change cell type, prompting research into whether other factors could be used in the alteration.

Sir Ian Wilmut, who led the research, said at a public lecture last year on Dollys legacy that experiments on altering cell type led by Shinya Yamanaka in 2006 are among the most important so far this century.

Yamanaka credits Dolly as the inspiration behind his discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells), which earned him a Nobel Prize. The Japanese scientist and his team generated stem cells from mature mice fibroblasts cells a breakthrough lauded for transforming bio-research.

Dollys death at just six-and-a-half coupled with the fact she was created using a cell from a six-year-old sheep, gave rise to the assumption that offspring created from an adult cell started life at an age disadvantage and were not truly newborn. However, more recent research debunked this theory by showing that Dollys cloned siblings reached their ninth birthday in healthy condition.

Professor Kevin Sinclair at the University of Nottingham noted that between seven to nine years of age (60 to 70 in human years), the clones showed no long-term detrimental health effects.

Will the woolly mammoth come back to life?

Discussion around cloning the extinct woolly mammoth has been rife for years with predictions of resurrecting the species through cloning.

READ MORE: Scientists want to 'de-extinct' the woolly mammoth

In 2008, scientists successfully managed to clone a mouse from tissue that had been deep frozen for 16 years. Five years later, a mammoth specimen found in Siberia, Russia, oozed what scientists believed was blood, and spurred hopes it may have enough DNA to recreate the mammoth genome.

It appears the optimism has not gone away: last week Harvard scientists revealed their plans to produce a hybrid elephant-mammoth embryo in the near future. It would involve programing mammoth traits into an Asian elephant using gene-editing tool Crispr, creating a mammophant a modified elephant as opposed to a mammoth.

The Roslin Institute at the University of Edinburgh states, however, that while in theory full mammoth "resurrections" might be possible, in reality they are extremely unlikely as a suitable surrogate mother is required and viable whole cells are needed.

Cloning & big business

South Korea has led the way in pet cloning with the Sooam Biotech Research Foundation offering cloning services for a cost of $100,000 (95,000) since 2006, using the same technique used to clone Dolly.

The operation has not come without controversy, however, as the companys founder Woo Suk Hwang was convicted of embezzlement and bioethics law violations in May 2006 after it was revealed much of his stem cell research was faked.

Despite the scandal, business has continued with the facility reportedly cloning hundreds of dogs as well as cows, pigs and even coyotes since its inception. Last year the company announced the launch of its military dog program.

Soaam signed a canine cloning license agreement in 2014 with Texas-based company Viagen, who previously specialized in equine and livestock cloning. Viagen has used cloning tech to enter the horse breeding market, claiming it can create a foal identical to the elite donor, offering a unique type of insurance to horse owners and breeders.

Meanwhile, plans are underway in China for the worlds largest animal cloning center in Tijanin. Chinese company, Boyalife Group, partnered with Sooam for the ambitious project with the intention of cloning animals including sniffer and pet dogs, beef cattle and racehorses.

In 2015 the group revealed a 200 million yuan ($31 million) project investment and outlined plans to produce 100,000 cattle embryos a year initially, later increasing to 1 million to combat future food shortages. While the facility was originally earmarked to be in use by the end of 2016, a spokesperson for Boyalife told RT.com that the factory construction has yet to be completed.

So whats stopping human cloning?

The revelation of Dolly sparked huge political debate, with concerns immediately centered around the possibility of human clones and its ethical implications.

Then-President Bill Clinton instructed Americas National Bioethics Advisory Commission to report on human cloning within 90 days while the president of the European Commission and the directors of UNESCO and WHO issued similar directives. The Vatican called for an outright ban on cloning.

These ethical objections to reproductive cloning, however, are not the sole reason human clones havent been developed: according to researchers, scientific limitations and lack of commercial interest are also factors.

In terms of humans and cloning, scientists currently appear more focused on therapeutic cloning for treating diseases, replicating human embryos to harvest stem cells for medical uses.

In 2013 a human cell was created using SCNT in experiments led by reproductive biology specialist, Shoukhrat Mitalipov, sparking hopes that stem cells could be used in the treatment of conditions such as Parkinsons disease and diabetes.

This has yet to be realized but scientists are continuing to explore stem cell research with the view of developing disease treatments and therapies.

The rest is here:
Dolly the sheep: 20yrs on, what's the state of play in cloning? - RT

CBSLA.com Late-Afternoon Newsbrief (Feb. 21) – CBS Local

CBSLA.com Late-Afternoon Newsbrief (Feb. 21)

Get your news and weather headlines in less than two minutes with the CBSLA.com Newsbrief.

Escape Rooms: A New Craze To Test Your Nerves And AbilitiesYou pay to get in, but can you get out?

Woman Killed, Her Son Injured In Traffic Accident In El SerenoBefore she was hit, she managed to toss her son out of the path of the vehicle, investigators say. Rachel Kim reports.

Protesters Descend On Anaheim, Demand Arrest Of LAPD OfficerScores of protesters clashed with police in the streets of Anaheim Wednesday night as they called for the arrest of an off-duty Los Angeles police officer who was caught on video firing his gun during a confrontation with teens outside his Anaheim home Tuesday afternoon. Erica Mandy reports.

President Trump's Policies Seem To Be Having Trick-Down EffectRepublican lawmakers are facing a backlash in rowdy town hall meetings. Dave Bryan reports.

Some Doctors Prescribe Food Instead Of Pills To Treat Certain PatientsThe physicians take their patients grocery shopping to help treat their illnesses. Jennifer Kastner reports.

Dozens Claim Aliso Canyon Still Causing IllnessAt a town hall Wednesday night, numerous Porter Ranch residents alleged that the nearby Aliso Canyon gas storage facility continues to make them sick, despite the fact that the methane leak has been capped. Andrea Fujii reports.

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Escape Rooms: A New Craze To Test Your Nerves And Abilities

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CBSLA.com Late-Afternoon Newsbrief (Feb. 21) - CBS Local

Stem cell therapy adds pep to pets – Salina Journal (subscription)

COLUMBUS For the past year, Dr. Todd Paczosa has been practicing what he calls the future of medicine.

The veterinarian treats his four-legged patients through stem cell therapy.

Im not anti-antibiotic, anti-medicine. I just believe that even in the future of cancer treatment that it is going to come down to your body healing itself, Paczosa said.

The process involves removing fatty tissue from a patient, extracting stem cells, then injecting the cells back into the animal's joints to promote healing.

Paczosa said he researched the treatment for about a decade before deciding to offer it at Redstone Veterinary Hospital in Columbus.

Our body is full of cells that heal. You get cut, your body heals. What we are doing is taking those cells, waking them up and saying, Hey, lets go to work, he said.

Since he started offering stem cell therapy last March, 17 dogs, horses and cattle have used the treatment. One of those patients is Butch, a 9-year-old schnauzer owned by Marge Biester of Columbus that was suffering from a strained ligament and achy joints.

He was really hurting. I had to do something for him, Biester said, adding that Butch wasnt putting much weight on his back leg when he walked.

The treatment was done in January. Butch was put under anesthesia to retrieve the fat tissue. Using equipment in-house, the stem cells were extracted and injected back into the dog that same day.

Paczosa, who has been a veterinarian for 23 years, said the entire process can be done in a day.

Biester noticed results in about two weeks.Butch wasnt doing his three-legged walk anymore and began acting like a more-active, younger version of himself.

Im amazed at how quickly he recovered, she said.

Paczosa said all of the animals he has treated so far have shown improvement.

One of these days, we will have one that doesnt work. Thats just medicine, but we havent had one yet, he said.

The possibility of the stem cell therapy not working can be a turnoff for some pet owners who might find it difficult to spend $1,900 to $2,400 for the treatment at Redstone. If it does work, Paczosa said the therapy is less expensive in the long run than putting an animal on medication for extended periods of time to ease the pain from arthritis.

Other pluses, he said, are that the regenerative therapy isnt as invasive as surgery and anti-rejection drugs don't have to be used since the cells come from the same animal.More than one joint can also be treated at a time and it can eliminate the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

The biggest risks are putting the animal under anesthesia and infection of the surgical site where the fatty tissue is removed, typically from the shoulder area or abdomen.

Stem cell therapy is practiced at a few hundred veterinary clinics in the country. Redstone works with the animal stem cell company MediVet Biologics and uses that companys in-house technology.

Paczosa said owners have come from other states to use the therapy at his Columbus clinic.

Initial results from the procedure lasts about two years. An option to bank stem cells from a pet is available. A portion of what is taken can be stored in a lab and used again in the future.

For Paczosa's patients, results have been quick and ongoing.

Most owners have seen a dramatic improvement in two weeks. Our first patient is still seeing improvements, he said.

See more here:
Stem cell therapy adds pep to pets - Salina Journal (subscription)

Gene Therapy Saves Puppies From A Fatal DiseaseAnd Maybe Us Next – Vocativ

For decades, some unluckydog lovers have welcomeda bundle of barking joy into their homes, only to see them perish from a mysterious disease mere weeks after their birth. The pups seemingly healthy muscles had literally wasted away in front of their owners eyes until they could no longer stand and breathe.

It wasnt until 2010 that a French research team isolated the genetic cause of this specific muscle-wasting disease in a group of Labrador Retrievers; these dogs were suffering from a single mutation that left them unable to produce an essential protein known asmyotubularin.Whats more, it was the exact kind of mutation and disease also long found in male human babies, too. That made the researchers wonder if these unfortunate puppiescould help us study the disease and even someday find a way to saveboth pets and people.

Now, years down the road, it appearsthey were right, thanks to a cutting-edgegene therapy treatment.

An international group of researchers, including some from the original French team, gathered together 10-week-old puppies with the mutation to take part in a randomized controlled trial. The dogs who were given a treatment that repaired their defectivemyotubularingene avoided the crippling muscle degeneration that killed the placebo-treated dogs by week 17. And by the ninth month of study, the saved puppies muscle and neurological function continued to match readings from healthy dogs, particularly forthose that got the highest doses.

The findings, building on an earlier proof-of-concept study of dogs and mice by the researchers, signal that a scaled-up treatment could save the lives of boys with the same sort of genetic flaw.

I believe that the dog study will be about as close as we will ever get to a human study, senior author Dr. Martin Childers of the University of Washington told Vocativ in an email. Because we found evidence that the gene therapy product spread throughout the entire skeletal musculature of adult dogs after a single infusion, it seems reasonable to expect a similar result in human patients.

Gene therapy has received plenty of attention for its potential to treat otherwise irreparable DNA defects, but according to the researchers, theres been little focus on bone- and muscle-relatedgenetic disorders. The condition treated in the current study, called x-linked myotubular myopathy, affects around one in every 50,000 boys, with most sufferers living no more than a few years. And though theres no true tally of how often it affects dogs, case reports of similar-sounding diseases have been published stretching back decades.

There will undoubtedly be hurdles to climb before the treatment Childers and his team developed, or a similar one, can be tested in people, Childers said. It is always possible that humans might respond differently, thus, clinical trials will be conducted with extraordinary care and oversight, he explained. And though the dogs suffered little adverse effects from the therapy delivered via a harmless virus researchers will still have to watch out for any possible toxicity in people.

That said, the treatment offers hope for both man and mutts. The changes seen after a single treatment have lasted for several years in the small sample of dogs the team has raised. So its possible that people wont need repeated doses or they would be infrequent, Childers said a big positive, given how expensive gene therapy is today.

And its also likely that these treatments, within the larger field of regenerative medicine, will find a place for dogs and other animals sooner than it will for people.

Veterinary medicine is ahead of human medicine in some cases with respect to regenerative technologies, Childers said. Stem cell infusions, for example, have been given to pets and horses for more than a decade.

But people may not have to wait so long for the promise of gene therapy either. Childers is hopeful that Audentes Therapeutics, a San Francisco biomedical company hes collaborating with (and which partially funded the current study), will begin their first human trials of a gene therapy treatment for x-linked myotubular myopathy, based on his teams research, later this year.

The teams findings were published earlier this February in Molecular Therapy.

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Gene Therapy Saves Puppies From A Fatal DiseaseAnd Maybe Us Next - Vocativ

Stem cell transplant – Canadian Cancer Society

Stem cell transplant replaces a persons blood-forming (hematopoietic) stem cells. It is used when stem cells or the bone marrow has been damaged by chemotherapy drugs, radiation therapy or disease (such as cancer). The new stem cells make healthy blood cells.

Stem cells are young, immature cells. Stem cells mature (through a process called differentiation) to become different types of specialized cells. They can copy (replicate) themselves to replace or rebuild tissues in the body. Some stem cells mature into blood cells. Blood-forming stem cells develop into different types of blood cells in the bone marrow. When blood cells are mature, they move from the bone marrow into the bloodstream.

Stem cell transplants use blood-forming stem cells from the bone marrow and blood circulating in the body (peripheral blood) in adults. They may also use blood-forming stem cells from the umbilical cord (the cord that supplies a developing fetus with blood and nutrients). Sometimes a stem cell transplant may be described by the source of the stem cells. Stem cell transplant is also called:

There are 3 main types of stem cell transplants. They are described based on who donates the stem cells.

Both children and the family have questions and concerns about when stem cell transplant is done. Sometimes having a stem cell transplant can cause physical or psychological distress to children and their families. Being prepared and knowing what to expect can reduce anxiety for both children and parents. Parents can prepare children for and help them cope with a stem cell transplant by explaining what will happen in a way that the child will understand.

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Stem cell transplant - Canadian Cancer Society

Stem cell therapy adds pep to pets – Columbus Telegram

COLUMBUS For the past year, Dr. Todd Paczosa has been practicing what he calls the future of medicine.

The veterinarian treats his four-legged patients through stem cell therapy.

Im not anti-antibiotic, anti-medicine. I just believe that even in the future of cancer treatment that it is going to come down to your body healing itself, Paczosa said.

The process involves removing fatty tissue from a patient, extracting stem cells, then injecting the cells back into the animal's joints to promote healing.

Paczosa said he researched the treatment for about a decade before deciding to offer it at Redstone Veterinary Hospital in Columbus.

Our body is full of cells that heal. You get cut, your body heals. What we are doing is taking those cells, waking them up and saying, Hey, lets go to work, he said.

Since he started offering stem cell therapy last March, 17 dogs, horses and cattle have used the treatment. One of those patients is Butch, a 9-year-old schnauzer owned by Marge Biester of Columbus that was suffering from a strained ligament and achy joints.

He was really hurting. I had to do something for him, Biester said, adding that Butch wasnt putting much weight on his back leg when he walked.

The treatment was done in January. Butch was put under anesthesia to retrieve the fat tissue. Using equipment in-house, the stem cells were extracted and injected back into the dog that same day.

Paczosa, who has been a veterinarian for 23 years, said the entire process can be done in a day.

Biester noticed results in about two weeks.Butch wasnt doing his three-legged walk anymore and began acting like a more-active, younger version of himself.

Im amazed at how quickly he recovered, she said.

Paczosa said all of the animals he has treated so far have shown improvement.

One of these days, we will have one that doesnt work. Thats just medicine, but we havent had one yet, he said.

The possibility of the stem cell therapy not working can be a turnoff for some pet owners who might find it difficult to spend $1,900 to $2,400 for the treatment at Redstone. If it does work, Paczosa said the therapy is less expensive in the long run than putting an animal on medication for extended periods of time to ease the pain from arthritis.

Other pluses, he said, are that the regenerative therapy isnt as invasive as surgery and anti-rejection drugs don't have to be used since the cells come from the same animal.More than one joint can also be treated at a time and it can eliminate the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

The biggest risks are putting the animal under anesthesia and infection of the surgical site where the fatty tissue is removed, typically from the shoulder area or abdomen.

Stem cell therapy is practiced at a few hundred veterinary clinics in the country. Redstone works with the animal stem cell company MediVet Biologics and uses that companys in-house technology.

Paczosa said owners have come from other states to use the therapy at his Columbus clinic.

Initial results from the procedure lasts about two years. An option to bank stem cells from a pet is available. A portion of what is taken can be stored in a lab and used again in the future.

For Paczosa's patients, results have been quick and ongoing.

Most owners have seen a dramatic improvement in two weeks. Our first patient is still seeing improvements, he said.

See more here:
Stem cell therapy adds pep to pets - Columbus Telegram

Local vet taking part in stem cell therapy study for dogs – ABC Action News

TARPON SPRINGS, Fla. - Cosby just doesnt get around like he used to.

We have six dogs and hes always the one thats the last to get up. The last to get out, said his owner Brian Cirillo.

And for Cirillo, its sad to see.

I hate it. Its always like he always on his tippy topes on his back legs. So its heartbreaking.

But a new trial study that is about to start at the St. Francis Pet Care Center in Tarpon Springs, could be just what Cosby needs.

Veterinarian Mike Amsberry is offering stem cell therapy for dogs.

They are seeing that its very, very safe. And very effective.

This study is focused specifically on four-legged friends with arthritis.

But in the past hes seen stem cell treatments work wonders for other ailments.

Its cells treating the body, rather than then some foreign substance. Some medication.

In this trial, the stem cells come from umbilical cords of donor dogs.

Not only can qualified pets get the treatment for free, but owners are paid too.

Cosby seems like the perfect candidate.

I think thats where everything seems to be going with regard to medicine. So to be on the leading edge of that to potential help him without having to put him on a bunch of medicine is definitely a plus, said Cirillo.

The hope is one day Cosby will be able to keep up with the rest.

And lead the way to help thousands of other dogs.

For more information on the trial study go to petstemcells.org.

See the rest here:
Local vet taking part in stem cell therapy study for dogs - ABC Action News

Gene therapy tried in dogs with muscle disease could prove useful … – FierceBiotech

Theres a rare disorder that occurs when a gene mutation halts the production of myotubularina protein that facilitates normal muscle function. The disease, called myotubular myopathy (MTM), only affects males, and its ultimately fatal because it causes breathing difficulties.

Dogs get MTM, tooand that spelled opportunity for scientists at the University of Washington Medicine Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine. In collaboration with five other academic institutions, they found a way to replace the faulty MTM gene with a functioning gene in dogs with the disease, they reported in the journal Molecular Therapy.

It worked: After a single infusion of genes, muscle strength was restored in the dogs, according to a press release. One year later, the dogs were indistinguishable from healthy animals, they said. "This regenerative technology allowed dogs that otherwise would have perished to complete restoration of normal health," said Dr. Martin K. "Casey" Childers, UW Medicine researcher and physician.

The researchers used a viral vector called adeno-associated virus serotype 8 (rAAV8) to deliver a healthy canine version of the MTM gene in dogs that were 10 weeks old and already showing symptoms. They believe a similar trial could be designed in people.

Gene therapy is under investigation for a wide range of disorders, though much of the progress to date has occurred outside the realm of muscular disorders. BioMarin Pharmaceutical, for example, is in mid-stage trials of a gene therapy treatment for hemophilia A. UniQure is working on several gene therapy products to treat diseases including Huntingtons and congestive heart failure. Its most advanced project, a gene therapy product to treat hemophilia B, received breakthrough designation status from the FDA in January.

One company that has achieved some success with gene therapy in inherited muscle disorders is AveXis, which is gearing up for a pivotal trial of its treatment for spinal muscular atrophy. AveXis won breakthrough therapy designation for its gene product last year, and high hopes for the product have prompted its stock to more than triple since the company went public early last year.

UW Medicine-led team that worked on the canine MTM trial observed that as they increased the dosage of genes, survival rates improved, they reported. They believe the study proves the potential utility of gene therapy in a wide range of diseases that are linked to mutated genes.

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Gene therapy tried in dogs with muscle disease could prove useful ... - FierceBiotech

The sheep that changed the world – The Economist (blog)

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The sheep that changed the world - The Economist (blog)

Hello, again, Dolly – The Economist

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Hello, again, Dolly - The Economist

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