Jessica Quimbys work at Colorado State University requires great patience. Not just because she studies the notoriously finicky feline, but because she has spent the past decade building a body of research into a little-examined area of veterinary medicine analyzing therapies for sick cats.

Theres not a lot of time and energy put into thinking about therapies specifically for cats. We have information about how to use medications in humans and in dogs, but theres almost never information on felines, Quimby said. So typically when we start with a drug, we have to start at the very beginning, and learn how to use it in healthy cats before we can understand how to use it in sick cats.

In a sign of the importance of her work, Quimby was honored with CSUs 2017 Zoetis Research Excellence Award. She delivered a keynote talk about her work in feline clinical pharmacology to kick off 2017 Research Day for the College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences.

The event, that was held in the Lory Student Center, was a showcase for student researchers in the college. About 150 young scientists competed in poster sessions and oral presentations.

Dr. Quimby has a very strong publication and research portfolio in clinical and translational veterinary medicine. She exemplifies the veterinary clinician scientist who provides excellent clinical care, instruction for the next generation of veterinary students, and applied clinical veterinary research that significantly impacts companion animal medical care, said Sue VandeWoude, associate dean for research in the college.

AFFINITY FOR BARN CATS

As leader of the chronic kidney disease program within CSUs Center for Companion Animal Studies, Quimby investigates the pathology of aging kidneys and whether mesenchymal stem cells and appetite stimulants can help cats with kidney disease feel better and live longer. She is also researching the role of telomeres and senescence in the pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease in cats.

Growing up on a farm in Wisconsin, Quimby gained an affinity for the barn cats who often suffered from a variety of ailments. After earning her Doctor of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Wisconsin-Madison in 2003, Quimby came to CSU in 2006 for a residency at the James L. Voss Veterinary Teaching Hospital. She became a diplomate of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine in 2009, and earned her Ph.D. in Clinical Sciences from CSU in 2012.

I came to CSU so I could have the power to do studies and learn new things. I always had the goal of working with cats, especially elderly cats, and complicated cat diseases, Quimby said.

A LONG PROCESS

She is currently conducting a sixth clinical trial in a 10-year project to study the effectiveness of an appetite stimulant called mirtazapine. It has taken us all this time to learn how best to use the drug in cats, and it is probably one of the most comprehensive bodies of work on how to use a medication in cats, she said. We had to start out learning how normal cats process the oral drug, so that was study No. 1. Study No. 2 was actually proving that it increased appetite in cats. Then, we wanted to study what happened if you were an elderly cat or a cat with kidney disease.

Once she understood the effects of oral mirtazapine, Quimby and her team began the transdermal trials to prove that it increased appetite in normal cats. Now, they are finally testing the gel on cats with kidney disease. Were very excited about this clinical trial because it takes us to that next thing, which is using the transdermal gel in cats with kidney disease. Its a very long process.

And its just one medication. You would actually have to test every single medication to know if it works in the transdermal gel or not, Quimby said. Weve done it for one drug. We did it for a second drug, ondansetron, and discovered that it doesnt work at all. It proves that even when you think the drug would be absorbed through the gel, its not necessarily an absolute thing, so its important to have the evidence. We try to be evidence-based when were prescribing medications, so it helps to actually have proof that it helps the patient.

MENTORING

Having a variety of research sustains Quimbys interest and patience over the long course of designing clinical trials, compiling data and publishing results. As assistant professor in the Department of Clinical Sciences, and faculty member in Small Animal Internal Medicine, Quimby has a chance to interact with colleagues, students and clients at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital.

She is mentoring first-year internal medicine resident Kellyi Benson, a CSU veterinary alumna who recently returned to conduct research with Quimby. She is such a great mentor. I feel really lucky that I can learn from her directly because she has so much real-world knowledge about veterinary medicine. She has taught me a lot about pharmacology, research design and presentation. I have learned from her how to be a veterinary scientist.

Fellow scientist Craig Webb, head of the hospitals Small Animal Internal Medicine Service, has collaborated with Quimby on numerous projects and clinical service: Dr. Quimby is a rare and great combination of brilliance and humor, supported by a tremendous effort toward a deep intellectual understanding of the field and her patients, yet tempered by simple common sense.

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For this CSU cat doctor, research requires patience, passion and a paws-on approach - Fence Post

Monoclonal antibodies? Stem cell therapy? Cancer vaccines? The pace and scale of the development of the class of drugs known as biologic therapy or immunotherapy is enormous. In human medicine these drug treatments that mimic the bodys natural defense mechanisms have been around for quite some time-their influence and participation in treating many of the diseases pets endure is just getting started.

Most of us have seen the advertisements for drugs like Humira, an injectable product that treats among other things, psoriatic arthritis in people. This type of therapy is expensive to develop but can be instrumental in giving relief to many human patients. The large investment necessary to develop this drug has made it difficult for many of these same types of biologics to make it to the veterinary market. There have been inroads however and several immunotherapy drugs are on the market to treat certain types of cancers and now, allergic skin disease.

While the cost is still significant, the benefits are often better treatment with less damage to unintended organs or systems. Because these drugs resemble the bodys natural disease fighting antibodies or are derived specifically from the patient they are treating, they not only should cause less side effects but are able to target their intended foe or disease process, unlike some medications like antibiotics that may kill off bad and good bacteria alike.

Zooetis- a major developer of new drugs on the pet side-has recently introduced a biologic that has the promise to be affordable and treat one of the major diseases of dogs-skin allergies or atopy. Cytopoint is a prescription allergy medication given by injection that may last 4 weeks or longer and promises to minimize the intense itching, inflammation and in many cases, infections that this disease brings.

This and other biologics could bring significant relief to pets suffering from skin disease, cancer and many other problems. While the science behind these drugs can be complicated, the results are often better treatments and outcomes with fewer side effects-a good result for people and pets!

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Paper trained: Drug treatments for pets improving - Quad City Times

Stem cells help to orchestrate an improved repair process in the site of injectionand have anti-inflammatory properties.Palm Beach Equine Clinic

Stem cells andPlatelet Rich Plasma (PRP) as treatment methods for equine injuries seem a far cry from treatments of old but the use of such therapies is increasing as the veterinary world embraces new methods to help sport horses return to their jobs.

Therapies to encourage regeneration of injured tissue were the focus of Decembers 12th annual World Stem Cell Summit at thePalm Beach County Convention Center inFlorida, where researchers, biochemists, veterinarians, and equestrians got together to learn more.

Several veterinarians from the Palm Beach Equine Clinic, including Dr Robert Brusie, Dr Jorge Gomez, and Dr Richard Wheeler, hosted a question and answer session at the Summit, addressing how regenerative medicine is changing and benefiting clients.

What Are Stem Cells?

Stem cell therapy can be used for many soft tissue and intra-articular problems, including severe cartilage damage, meniscal disease, tendon/ligament pathology, or any injury where the veterinarian would want to encourage a regenerative response. Stem cells can decrease re-injury rates in tendon bows, yield improved outcome in horses with meniscal tears, and may also have benefit when used in regional profusions for laminitic horses. Stem cells help to orchestrate an improved repair process in the site of injection and have anti-inflammatory properties.

How Can You Collect Stem Cells?

There are three different ways to collect stem cells from the horse. The first comes from bone marrow origin, where a collection of bone marrow from the sternum in a standing procedure. The bone marrow is sent to the lab for processing and expansion, which expands the cells up to a predetermined number (generally between 10 to 20 million cells).

Stem cells can be procured from harvesting fat. The veterinarian may extract a significant quantity of fat from around the tail head and gluteal region of the horse. The fat will be processed in the lab, stem cells in the fat are concentrated, and the cells are re-injected into the injury site.

The third option is to acquire allogenic stem cells, meaning stem cells from another animal of the same species. University programs offer commercially available stem cell lines where anywhere from 10 to 30 million stem cells are shipped for use the next day.

PBECs Board-Certified Staff Surgeon, Dr Weston Davis, is one of the top surgeons that has made clinical advances in stem cell therapy. Commenting on the three methods of obtaining stem cells, Dr Davis said:I think the advantage of the bone marrow cells is that they are the most researched version of stem cells. The nice thing about the fat cells is that you can basically harvest the fat, process it, and inject it back on the same day.

The allogenics are noninvasive to the horse that you are performing the procedure on. You dont have to do a pre-surgical procedure to get your cells; you just call up and have your cells the next day to implant.

One of the unique properties of stem cells is that they do not have immunologic markers, so if you inject the cell into another horse, that horse does not recognize that it is foreign. So generally speaking, there is no immune reaction to implanting the cells into another horse.

There are also different methods of implanting the stem cells into the horse at specific areas of interest. If we were treating a meniscal injury or cartilage damage in a joint, implantation would be as simple as a joint injection technique. If you are going to implant cells into an injured tendon or ligament, then we will most often do an ultrasound guided technique where we watch and direct the needle precisely into the lesion so we can put these regenerative cells right into the damaged area.

How Does Platelet Rich Plasma Work?

Another therapy that can be applied on its own or in conjunction with stem cell therapy is the use of Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP). Platelets are very small blood cells that are a crucial part of the body and play an integral part in the blood clotting process to stop hemorrhaging from any wound. Because platelets are among the very first cells to accumulate at an injured site, they are very important orchestrators and stimulators in the repair process. Platelets contain granules filled with growth factors (the elements that aid in healing) and stimulate specified tissue to heal at an increased rate.

In order to treat a horse with Platelet Rich Plasma, veterinarians take a sample of the horses blood and concentrate the platelets in a high-speed centrifuge. This harvest and processing procedure takes about 30 minutes. The concentrated platelet rich sample is injected back into the horse at the specific area of injury using sterile technique and guided by ultrasound.

PRP treatment has had great success in tendon and suspensory ligament injuries and increasingly used in the treatment of intra-articular joint injuries. It can also be used following surgery in the joint to encourage a faster healing response.

We harvest a large quantity of blood, anywhere from 60 to 180 milliliters, and we process that to concentrate the segment that is very rich in platelets, Dr Davis said.

We get a high concentration of platelets we are hoping for five to eight times the concentration that you would get from normal blood then we take that platelet rich extract and inject it back into an injured area to encourage a more robust healing response. Whenever you have an injury, platelets are one of the first cells that get there. They will aggregate, clump, and de-granulate. They release these granules, which are very rich in growth factors, and signal the body to start the healing process.

Cost is one thing that dictates the difference in the use of stems cells versus PRP for many owners. PRP tends to be more economically affordable, while stem cells can be a more expensive and aggressive therapy.

What New Technologies Are Available?

Both stem cell and PRP therapy are cutting-edge in the horse world right now, as veterinary medicine researches how to further use the bodys own healing mechanisms to repair injuries. These regenerative therapies are part of a continually advancing field that has made exciting developments in both human and equine sports medicine.

There is constantly new research, Dr Davis said. They have done some of the initial studies looking at the efficacy of both. Right now they are working on ways to refine their use. We want to get higher platelet yields out of our PRP, and we are tweaking the properties of the PRP to modify the number of white and red cells for particular injuries.

For stem cells, they are researching different matrixes to apply them with, so that the cells integrate better at the injection site. Then they are working on triggering the stem cells, and trying to put in signaling cytokines or chemicals to make them differentiate to the specific cell type that you want. Actually directing the stem cells to become the exact type of cells you want is definitely still in its infancy, but it is on the horizon.

Palm Beach Equine Clinic

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Stem cell and Platelet Rich Plasma treatment lead the way in equine regenerative medicine - Horsetalk

knowledge center home stem cell research all about stem cells what are stem cells?

Stem cells are a class of undifferentiated cells that are able to differentiate into specialized cell types. Commonly, stem cells come from two main sources:

Both types are generally characterized by their potency, or potential to differentiate into different cell types (such as skin, muscle, bone, etc.).

Adult or somatic stem cells exist throughout the body after embryonic development and are found inside of different types of tissue. These stem cells have been found in tissues such as the brain, bone marrow, blood, blood vessels, skeletal muscles, skin, and the liver. They remain in a quiescent or non-dividing state for years until activated by disease or tissue injury.

Adult stem cells can divide or self-renew indefinitely, enabling them to generate a range of cell types from the originating organ or even regenerate the entire original organ. It is generally thought that adult stem cells are limited in their ability to differentiate based on their tissue of origin, but there is some evidence to suggest that they can differentiate to become other cell types.

Embryonic stem cells are derived from a four- or five-day-old human embryo that is in the blastocyst phase of development. The embryos are usually extras that have been created in IVF (in vitro fertilization) clinics where several eggs are fertilized in a test tube, but only one is implanted into a woman.

Sexual reproduction begins when a male's sperm fertilizes a female's ovum (egg) to form a single cell called a zygote. The single zygote cell then begins a series of divisions, forming 2, 4, 8, 16 cells, etc. After four to six days - before implantation in the uterus - this mass of cells is called a blastocyst. The blastocyst consists of an inner cell mass (embryoblast) and an outer cell mass (trophoblast). The outer cell mass becomes part of the placenta, and the inner cell mass is the group of cells that will differentiate to become all the structures of an adult organism. This latter mass is the source of embryonic stem cells - totipotent cells (cells with total potential to develop into any cell in the body).

In a normal pregnancy, the blastocyst stage continues until implantation of the embryo in the uterus, at which point the embryo is referred to as a fetus. This usually occurs by the end of the 10th week of gestation after all major organs of the body have been created.

However, when extracting embryonic stem cells, the blastocyst stage signals when to isolate stem cells by placing the "inner cell mass" of the blastocyst into a culture dish containing a nutrient-rich broth. Lacking the necessary stimulation to differentiate, they begin to divide and replicate while maintaining their ability to become any cell type in the human body. Eventually, these undifferentiated cells can be stimulated to create specialized cells.

Stem cells are either extracted from adult tissue or from a dividing zygote in a culture dish. Once extracted, scientists place the cells in a controlled culture that prohibits them from further specializing or differentiating but usually allows them to divide and replicate. The process of growing large numbers of embryonic stem cells has been easier than growing large numbers of adult stem cells, but progress is being made for both cell types.

Once stem cells have been allowed to divide and propagate in a controlled culture, the collection of healthy, dividing, and undifferentiated cells is called a stem cell line. These stem cell lines are subsequently managed and shared among researchers. Once under control, the stem cells can be stimulated to specialize as directed by a researcher - a process known as directed differentiation. Embryonic stem cells are able to differentiate into more cell types than adult stem cells.

Stem cells are categorized by their potential to differentiate into other types of cells. Embryonic stem cells are the most potent since they must become every type of cell in the body. The full classification includes:

Embryonic stem cells are considered pluripotent instead of totipotent because they do not have the ability to become part of the extra-embryonic membranes or the placenta.

A video on how stem cells work and develop.

Although there is not complete agreement among scientists of how to identify stem cells, most tests are based on making sure that stem cells are undifferentiated and capable of self-renewal. Tests are often conducted in the laboratory to check for these properties.

One way to identify stem cells in a lab, and the standard procedure for testing bone marrow or hematopoietic stem cell (HSC), is by transplanting one cell to save an individual without HSCs. If the stem cell produces new blood and immune cells, it demonstrates its potency.

Clonogenic assays (a laboratory procedure) can also be employed in vitro to test whether single cells can differentiate and self-renew. Researchers may also inspect cells under a microscope to see if they are healthy and undifferentiated or they may examine chromosomes.

To test whether human embryonic stem cells are pluripotent, scientists allow the cells to differentiate spontaneously in cell culture, manipulate the cells so they will differentiate to form specific cell types, or inject the cells into an immunosuppressed mouse to test for the formation of a teratoma (a benign tumor containing a mixture of differentiated cells).

Scientists and researchers are interested in stem cells for several reasons. Although stem cells do not serve any one function, many have the capacity to serve any function after they are instructed to specialize. Every cell in the body, for example, is derived from first few stem cells formed in the early stages of embryological development. Therefore, stem cells extracted from embryos can be induced to become any desired cell type. This property makes stem cells powerful enough to regenerate damaged tissue under the right conditions.

Tissue regeneration is probably the most important possible application of stem cell research. Currently, organs must be donated and transplanted, but the demand for organs far exceeds supply. Stem cells could potentially be used to grow a particular type of tissue or organ if directed to differentiate in a certain way. Stem cells that lie just beneath the skin, for example, have been used to engineer new skin tissue that can be grafted on to burn victims.

A team of researchers from Massachusetts General Hospital reported in PNAS Early Edition (July 2013 issue) that they were able to create blood vessels in laboratory mice using human stem cells.

The scientists extracted vascular precursor cells derived from human-induced pluripotent stem cells from one group of adults with type 1 diabetes as well as from another group of healthy adults. They were then implanted onto the surface of the brains of the mice.

Within two weeks of implanting the stem cells, networks of blood-perfused vessels had been formed - they lasted for 280 days. These new blood vessels were as good as the adjacent natural ones.

The authors explained that using stem cells to repair or regenerate blood vessels could eventually help treat human patients with cardiovascular and vascular diseases.

Additionally, replacement cells and tissues may be used to treat brain disease such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's by replenishing damaged tissue, bringing back the specialized brain cells that keep unneeded muscles from moving. Embryonic stem cells have recently been directed to differentiate into these types of cells, and so treatments are promising.

Healthy heart cells developed in a laboratory may one day be transplanted into patients with heart disease, repopulating the heart with healthy tissue. Similarly, people with type I diabetes may receive pancreatic cells to replace the insulin-producing cells that have been lost or destroyed by the patient's own immune system. The only current therapy is a pancreatic transplant, and it is unlikely to occur due to a small supply of pancreases available for transplant.

Adult hematopoietic stem cells found in blood and bone marrow have been used for years to treat diseases such as leukemia, sickle cell anemia, and other immunodeficiencies. These cells are capable of producing all blood cell types, such as red blood cells that carry oxygen to white blood cells that fight disease. Difficulties arise in the extraction of these cells through the use of invasive bone marrow transplants. However hematopoietic stem cells have also been found in the umbilical cord and placenta. This has led some scientists to call for an umbilical cord blood bank to make these powerful cells more easily obtainable and to decrease the chances of a body's rejecting therapy.

Another reason why stem cell research is being pursued is to develop new drugs. Scientists could measure a drug's effect on healthy, normal tissue by testing the drug on tissue grown from stem cells rather than testing the drug on human volunteers.

The debates surrounding stem cell research primarily are driven by methods concerning embryonic stem cell research. It was only in 1998 that researchers from the University of Wisconsin-Madison extracted the first human embryonic stem cells that were able to be kept alive in the laboratory. The main critique of this research is that it required the destruction of a human blastocyst. That is, a fertilized egg was not given the chance to develop into a fully-developed human.

The core of this debate - similar to debates about abortion, for example - centers on the question, "When does life begin?" Many assert that life begins at conception, when the egg is fertilized. It is often argued that the embryo deserves the same status as any other full grown human. Therefore, destroying it (removing the blastocyst to extract stem cells) is akin to murder. Others, in contrast, have identified different points in gestational development that mark the beginning of life - after the development of certain organs or after a certain time period.

People also take issue with the creation of chimeras. A chimera is an organism that has both human and animal cells or tissues. Often in stem cell research, human cells are inserted into animals (like mice or rats) and allowed to develop. This creates the opportunity for researchers to see what happens when stem cells are implanted. Many people, however, object to the creation of an organism that is "part human".

The stem cell debate has risen to the highest level of courts in several countries. Production of embryonic stem cell lines is illegal in Austria, Denmark, France, Germany, and Ireland, but permitted in Finland, Greece, the Netherlands, Sweden, and the UK. In the United States, it is not illegal to work with or create embryonic stem cell lines. However, the debate in the US is about funding, and it is in fact illegal for federal funds to be used to research stem cell lines that were created after August 2001.

Medical News Today is a leading resource for the latest headlines on stem cell research. So, check out our stem cell research news section. You can also sign up to our weekly or daily newsletters to ensure that you stay up-to-date with the latest news.

This stem cells information section was written by Peter Crosta for Medical News Today in September 2008 and was last updated on 19 July 2013. The contents may not be re-produced in any way without the permission of Medical News Today.

Disclaimer: This informational section on Medical News Today is regularly reviewed and updated, and provided for general information purposes only. The materials contained within this guide do not constitute medical or pharmaceutical advice, which should be sought from qualified medical and pharmaceutical advisers.

Please note that although you may feel free to cite and quote this article, it may not be re-produced in full without the permission of Medical News Today. For further details, please view our full terms of use

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What are Stem Cells? Medical News Today

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Choosing the right stem cell bank for your family is rarely a quick decision. But when you review the facts, you may find it much easier than you expected. Keep Reading >

1. The collection of cord blood can only take place at the time of delivery, and advanced arrangements must be made.

Cord blood is collected from the umbilical cord immediately after a babys birth, but generally before the placenta has been delivered. The moment of delivery is the only opportunity to harvest a newborns stem cells.

2. There is no risk and no pain for the mother or the baby.

The cord blood is taken from the cord once it has been clamped and cut. Collection is safe for both vaginal and cesarean deliveries. 3. The body often accepts cord blood stem cells better than those from bone marrow.

Cord blood stem cells have a high rate of engraftment, are more tolerant of HLA mismatches, result in a reduced rate of graft-versus-host disease, and are rarely contaminated with latent viruses.

4. Banked cord blood is readily accessible, and there when you need it.

Matched stem cells, which are necessary for transplant, are difficult to obtain due to strict matching requirements. If your childs cord blood is banked, no time is wasted in the search and matching process required when a transplant is needed. 5. Cells taken from your newborn are collected just once, and last for his or her lifetime.

For example, in the event your child contracts a disease, which must be treated with chemotherapy or radiation, there is a probability of a negative impact on the immune system. While an autologous (self) transplant may not be appropriate for every disease, there could be a benefit in using the preserved stem cells to bolster and repopulate your childs blood and immune system as a result of complications from other treatments.

A stem cell is a remarkable cell, as it has the amazing ability to change into a variety of different cell types in the body such as heart muscle cells, brain cells, and skin cells. Stem cells, which are often referred to as one of the body's "master cells," can grow into any one of the body's more than 200 cell types. Stem cells assist the body in maintaining, renewing and repairing tissue and cells damaged by disease, injury and everyday life. If you think about it, stem cells act as the internal repair system for the body. Keep reading

Stem Cell Transplant May Be Near for Shawnee Girl 1/20/2009 Tallie Anderson, 11, of Shawnee Oklahoma has spend much of the past two years of her life at the OU Medical Center since being diagnosed with aplastic anemia almost two years ago. In need of a bone marrow transplant, Tallie had not been able to find a match with a bone marrow donor quickly, which is a problem for many people of American Indian descent, like her. From this obstacle Tallie and the Oklahoma Blood Institute launched a public awareness campaign to make people aware of the need for American Indian marrow donors. Hundreds of Oklahomans responded to assist. However, Tallies match finally came in November but in the form of a donated umbilical cord. The 11 year old is now awaiting a stem cell transplant from the stem cell rich cord blood. Read more

Stem Cell Hope for Blind Toddler 1/29/2009 The family of a toddler who was born blind are hoping a course of cutting-edge stem cell therapy in China could let some light into his life. Sixteen-month-old Joshua Clark, from Caernarfon, Gwynedd, was born with optic nerve hypoplasia and his parents were told no treatment was available. Joanna and Anthony Clark found the Chinese stem cell therapy option after doing research via the internet. The family will fly to China at the end of April and will spend five weeks accompanied by various relatives at different times while Joshua undergoes treatment with umbilical cord stem cells. Read more

Stem Cells Give Leukemia Patient a Second Chance 1/14/2009 Melbourn resident Grahm Barnell took the chance of his life and travelled to Seattle to become the eighth person in the world to undergo a pioneering stem cell transplant technique that uses stem cells grown in a laboratory from a donated umbilical cord to regenerate bone marrow. After a two-year odyssey through the darkest ravages of the rare and deadly form of myeloid leukemia, Mr Barnell is apparently cured, thanks to a revolutionary stem cell procedure only now emerging in the US Keep reading >

Young Leukemia Patient Cancer-Free After Receiving Stem Cells From ... 1/12/2009 A two-year-old child from Florida is free of signs of juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia, a rare form of pediatric leukemia, after receiving a stem cell trasplant from umbilical cord blood. Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia generally affects children under the age of five and comprises less than 1 percent of infant leukemias. Adolfo Gonzalez was diagnosed with JMML when he was 13 months old. "Adolfo Gonzalez would most likely not be alive today if it weren't for the cord blood transplant," Dr. Gary Kleiner, a pediatric immunologist at the University of Miami School of Medicine, said in a statement. "The mother who donated her cord blood to the public cord blood bank at New York's National Cord Blood Program basically saved his life." Keep reading >

ALS Patient Travels to Mexico for Stem Cell Treatment 12/27/2008 So far, Lou Gehrigs disease has not stopped Kerry Alvarado from trying to enjoy life. However, the 52-year-old ALS patient has decided to take one more step in her quest to beat the disease she has been forced to live with. Kerry has been travelling to Mexico to undergo stem cell treatment. Doctors and stem cell researchers are hoping they can successfully transform umbilical cord blood stem cells into healthy spinal cord cells and neural cells that will replace damaged cells throughout Kerrys body. The stem cell transplant in Mexico will ultimately allow Kerry and her family to enjoy the rest of her life. Keep reading >

Childs Stem Cell Recovery Deemed A Miracle December 26, 2008 For the first years of his life, Adolfo Gonzalez suffered greatly as a result of a rare form of childhood cancer. After receiving two trial stem cell treatment procedures, there are no more leukemia cells in Adolfos body, and he can finally live a normal life. The stem cells taken from umbilical cord blood successfully grew in Adolfos own bone marrow and replaced all cancerous white blood cells. Doctors are calling the boys recovery a miracle, all thanks to umbilical cord blood stem cells. Read More >

Legally Blind Child Undergoes Stem Cell Transplant in China 12/26/2008 Xavier Carballo, a five-year-old boy diagnosed with optic nerve hypoplasia at the age of two, can finally read printed books. For the first part of his life, Xavier was legally blind. After receiving a series of stem cell transplants in China, he can now see. Xavier has undergone six successful umbilical cord blood transfusions, his parents say they noticed improvements following the very first stem cell treatment session. Xaviers doctors in China recently commented that the umbilical cord blood transplants have led to definite and measurable improvements, and the boys health will continue to improve for months following the treatments. Keep reading >

Mother and Daughter Travel to Thailand for Stem Cell Transplantation 12/26/2008 For the majority of her young life, Bailey Walker has suffered from optic nerve hypoplasia, a disorder that has left her legally blind. To treat this congenital condition, Baileys parents have decided to take her to Thailand to undergo a stem cell treatment that will hopefully allow her to see. Next May, Bailey will receive a month-long series of umbilical cord blood transplants that will replace damaged cells in her spinal cord. Baileys parents show no hesitation or qualms about making the trip to Thailand, as the promise of this procedure gives them hope for a normal life for their beautiful daughter. Keep reading >

Stem Cell Transplant in China Gives Hope to 21-Month Old 12/22/2008 After undergoing an umbilical cord blood stem cell transplant in China, 21-month old Luke Pickett is happily back with his family in the United States. The stem cells were injected into Lukes spinal cord in an effort to combat spastic quadriplegic cerebral palsy. Thanks to the donated umbilical cord blood, Lukes family has noticed dramatic changes in his gross motor skills since his return from China. Doctors and researchers hope that stem cell transplants can be used to treat cerebral palsy in the United States in the near future. Keep reading > Four-year Old Receives Life Saving Stem Cell Treatment 12/14/2008 Brandon Meike, a four-year old boy suffering from spinal muscular atrophy, can now stand with his feet flat on the floor thanks to a recent stem cell treatment. Brandon and his family travelled all the way to China to receive a series of four stem cell injections and extensive physical therapy, the combination of which has opened doors for stem cell research and treatments in the United States. Brandons stem cell injections were taken from umbilical cord blood, and as a result, the four-year old is experiencing incredible and lasting improvements. Keep reading >

First Transplant of A Whole Organ Grown from Patient's Own Cells 12/10/2008 Daily Mail - UK Last week she was revealed to the world as the first person to receive a whole transplant organ grown from her own stem cells. ... Keep reading >

3-Year Old Seeks Stem Cell Transplantation to Cure Rare Skin Disorder 12/7/2008 For Payton Thorton, childhood has been a very different experience from what most children live through at that age. Payton was born with recessive dystrophic EB, a disease that affects 2 of every one million births, and as a result, Payton lacks a critical protein that would enable his skin to effectively stick together. In 2007, Payton underwent a stem cell transplantation that consisted of inserting bone marrow and umbilical cord blood collected from his brother. After this treatment, Paytons body began producing the missing protein. Keep reading >

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Top 5 Things to Look for in a Cord Blood Bank

1. Longevity & Financial Stability Look for a publicly traded company that is stable and has been in business for a while. Youll want to make sure to choose a company that will still be there when you need it.

2. Track Record of Successful Transplants You can verify a companys reputability by confirming that successful transplants have been made in the companys history.

3. Expense While its hard to place a value on your newborns stem cells, expenditures are something we all must consider in this economy. Look for a firm that offers financing and all-inclusive rates.

4. Accreditation Cord blood banking is regulated by the FDA. Choose a company that is FDA registered, licensed where required, and accredited by an outside organization.

5. Industry Leadership If a firm has a high number of existing clients, a proven track record, and a strong reputation in the industry, you can bet theyre the right choice.

Selecting a bank to store your familys cord blood is an important decision. Do your research, and find a cord blood bank you can trust with your newborns stem cells.

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Stem Cell Research - Stem Cell Treatments - Treatments ...

Most cat lovers have been touched by kidney disease at least once in their life. I lost my beloved Freddie at age 15 to this silent killer. A new procedure using adult stem cells to facilitate kidney transplantation in cats is being pioneered by the University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine.

The treatment of kidney failure in cats has traditionally been limited to changing diet, fluid therapy and a variety of medications and nutritional supplements. In the best cases, we can extend the life of affected cats by a handful of years if diagnosed early.

About 17,000 humans undergo kidney transplantation each year in the US and many enjoy a normal life expectancy after receiving their new kidney. In comparison, only a few cats undergo kidney transplant each year at only three transplant programs based at veterinary teaching hospitals. The low number of feline kidney transplants is primarily due to high cost, organ rejection and complications and ethical dilemmas involving the donor cat.

Cost and ethics aside, many cats are deemed poor transplant candidates. By the time kidney transplant is considered, the cat is often too ill or has developed too many complications. Organ rejection is a primary concern for many of these debilitated patients.

Researchers at the University of Georgia are pioneering the use of adult or mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to lower the risk of organ rejection in cats, especially those at higher risk for organ rejection. This procedure is being used for the first time in feline patients after a 2012 study of humans patients. The study found those receiving adult stem cells in conjunction with kidney transplantation had lower risk of organ rejection, fewer post-operative infections and better kidney function one year later.

It looks like adult stem cells help cats in the same ways. To date, two cats have undergone the procedure and are doing incredibly well. Adult stem cells in the UGA cases were obtained from fat tissues and then grown in a lab for about ten days before surgery. According to the researchers, stem cells used without kidney transplantation hasnt shown much success so far in treating chronic renal disease. Other cat candidates are currently being considered for this groundbreaking procedure.

Of course, this procedure is still quite expensive. From an ethical perspective, families of a cat that receive a donated kidney are required to adopt the donor cat, pledge to care for the donor cat for life and commit to treating both the recipient and donor cats.

Most recipient cats will require lifelong medications and injections, often twice a day, to prevent organ rejection. Stem cell therapy doesnt eliminate anti-rejection medication. Stem-cell treatments have been used with some success in treating certain musculo-skeletal conditions, but long-term studies are lacking.

Kidney disease is one of the most common causes of death in cats. I welcome any advances in battling this devastating condition. I understand that kidney transplantation may not be appropriate or possible for the majority of my patients. I appreciate these high-tech advances because I know they represent future breakthroughs that will benefit my typical patients.

If your cat is drinking more water, urinating more frequently, or inexplicably losing weight, have her checked by your vet immediately. Early diagnosis is still our best hope for extending the longevity and quality of life for cats enduring kidney failure.

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stem cell therapy could help cats with kidney disease ...

Mesenchymal stem cells, or MSCs, are multipotent stromal cells that can differentiate into a variety of cell types,[1] including: osteoblasts (bone cells),[2]chondrocytes (cartilage cells),[3]myocytes (muscle cells)[4] and adipocytes (fat cells). This phenomenon has been documented in specific cells and tissues in living animals and their counterparts growing in tissue culture.

While the terms mesenchymal stem cell and marrow stromal cell have been used interchangeably, neither term is sufficiently descriptive:

In 1924, Russian-born morphologist Alexander A. Maximow used extensive histological findings to identify a singular type of precursor cell within mesenchyme that develops into different types of blood cells.[9]

Scientists Ernest A. McCulloch and James E. Till first revealed the clonal nature of marrow cells in the 1960s.[10][11] An ex vivo assay for examining the clonogenic potential of multipotent marrow cells was later reported in the 1970s by Friedenstein and colleagues.[12][13] In this assay system, stromal cells were referred to as colony-forming unit-fibroblasts (CFU-f).

The first clinical trials of MSCs were completed in 1995 when a group of 15 patients were injected with cultured MSCs to test the safety of the treatment. Since then, over 200 clinical trials have been started. However, most are still in the safety stage of testing.[7]

Subsequent experimentation revealed the plasticity of marrow cells and how their fate could be determined by environmental cues. Culturing marrow stromal cells in the presence of osteogenic stimuli such as ascorbic acid, inorganic phosphate and dexamethasone could promote their differentiation into osteoblasts. In contrast, the addition of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-b) could induce chondrogenic markers.[citation needed]

The youngest, most primitive MSCs can be obtained from umbilical cord tissue, namely Wharton's jelly and the umbilical cord blood. However MSCs are found in much higher concentration in the Whartons jelly compared to cord blood, which is a rich source of hematopoietic stem cells. The umbilical cord is easily obtained after a birth. It is normally thrown away and poses no risk for collection. The cord MSCs have more primitive properties than other adult MSCs obtained later in life, which might make them a useful source of MSCs for clinical applications.

A rich source for mesenchymal stem cells is the developing tooth bud of the mandibular third molar. While considered multipotent, they may prove to be pluripotent. They eventually form enamel, dentin, blood vessels, dental pulp and nervous tissues, a minimum of 24 other different unique end organs. Because of ease in collection at 810 years of age before calcification and minimal-to-no-morbidity, they probably constitute a major source for research and multiple therapies. These stem cells have been shown capable of producing hepatocytes.

Additionally, amniotic fluid has been shown to be a rich source of stem cells. As many as 1 in 100 cells collected during amniocentesis has been shown to be a pluripotent mesenchymal stem cell.[14]

Adipose tissue is one of the richest sources of MSCs. There are more than 500 times more stem cells in 1 gram of fat than in 1 gram of aspirated bone marrow.[citation needed] Adipose stem cells are actively being researched in clinical trials for treatment of a variety of diseases.

The presence of MSCs in peripheral blood has been controversial. A few groups have successfully isolated MSCs from human peripheral blood and been able to expand them in culture.[15] Australian company Cynata claims the ability to mass-produce MSCs from induced pluripotent stem cells obtained from blood cells.[16][17]

Mesenchymal stem cells are characterized morphologically by a small cell body with a few cell processes that are long and thin. The cell body contains a large, round nucleus with a prominent nucleolus, which is surrounded by finely dispersed chromatin particles, giving the nucleus a clear appearance. The remainder of the cell body contains a small amount of Golgi apparatus, rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and polyribosomes. The cells, which are long and thin, are widely dispersed and the adjacent extracellular matrix is populated by a few reticular fibrils but is devoid of the other types of collagen fibrils.[18][19]

The International Society for Cellular Therapy (ISCT) has proposed a set of standards to define MSCs. A cell can be classified as an MSC if it shows plastic adherent properties under normal culture conditions and has a fibroblast-like morphology. In fact, some argue that MSCs and fibroblasts are functionally identical.[20] Furthermore, MSCs can undergo osteogenic, adipogenic and chondrogenic differentiation ex-vivo. The cultured MSCs also express on their surface CD73, CD90 and CD105, while lacking the expression of CD11b, CD14, CD19, CD34, CD45, CD79a and HLA-DR surface markers.[21]

MSCs have a great capacity for self-renewal while maintaining their multipotency. Beyond that, there is little that can be definitively said. The standard test to confirm multipotency is differentiation of the cells into osteoblasts, adipocytes and chondrocytes as well as myocytes and neurons. MSCs have been seen to even differentiate into neuron-like cells,[22] but there is lingering doubt whether the MSC-derived neurons are functional.[23] The degree to which the culture will differentiate varies among individuals and how differentiation is induced, e.g., chemical vs. mechanical;[24] and it is not clear whether this variation is due to a different amount of "true" progenitor cells in the culture or variable differentiation capacities of individuals' progenitors. The capacity of cells to proliferate and differentiate is known to decrease with the age of the donor, as well as the time in culture. Likewise, whether this is due to a decrease in the number of MSCs or a change to the existing MSCs is not known.[citation needed]

Numerous studies have demonstrated that human MSCs avoid allorecognition, interfere with dendritic cell and T-cell function and generate a local immunosuppressive microenvironment by secreting cytokines.[25] It has also been shown that the immunomodulatory function of human MSC is enhanced when the cells are exposed to an inflammatory environment characterised by the presence of elevated local interferon-gamma levels.[26] Other studies contradict some of these findings, reflecting both the highly heterogeneous nature of MSC isolates and the considerable differences between isolates generated by the many different methods under development.[27]

The majority of modern culture techniques still take a colony-forming unit-fibroblasts (CFU-F) approach, where raw unpurified bone marrow or ficoll-purified bone marrow Mononuclear cell are plated directly into cell culture plates or flasks. Mesenchymal stem cells, but not red blood cells or haematopoetic progenitors, are adherent to tissue culture plastic within 24 to 48 hours. However, at least one publication has identified a population of non-adherent MSCs that are not obtained by the direct-plating technique.[28]

Other flow cytometry-based methods allow the sorting of bone marrow cells for specific surface markers, such as STRO-1.[29] STRO-1+ cells are generally more homogenous and have higher rates of adherence and higher rates of proliferation, but the exact differences between STRO-1+ cells and MSCs are not clear.[30]

Methods of immunodepletion using such techniques as MACS have also been used in the negative selection of MSCs.[31]

The supplementation of basal media with fetal bovine serum or human platelet lysate is common in MSC culture. Prior to the use of platelet lysates for MSC culture, the pathogen inactivation process is recommended to prevent pathogen transmission.[32]

Mesenchymal stem cells in the body can be activated and mobilized if needed. However, the efficiency is low. For instance, damage to muscles heals very slowly but further study into mechanisms of MSC action may provide avenues for increasing their capacity for tissue repair.[33][34]

A statistical-based analysis of MSC therapy for osteo-diseases (e.g., osteoarthritis) noted that most studies are still underway.[35] Wakitani published a small case series of nine defects in five knees involving surgical transplantation of MSCs with coverage of the treated chondral defects.[36]

At least 218 clinical trials investigating the efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells in treating diseases have been initiated - many of which study autoimmune diseases.[37] Promising results have been shown in conditions such as graft versus host disease, Crohn's disease, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus and systemic sclerosis.[38] While their anti-inflammatory/immunomodulatory effects appear to greatly ameliorate autoimmune disease severity, the durability of these effects are unclear.

However, it is becoming more accepted that diseases involving peripheral tissues, such as inflammatory bowel disease, may be better treated with methods that increase the local concentration of cells.[39]

Many of the early clinical successes using intravenous transplantation came in systemic diseases such as graft versus host disease and sepsis. Direct injection or placement of cells into a site in need of repair may be the preferred method of treatment, as vascular delivery suffers from a "pulmonary first pass effect" where intravenous injected cells are sequestered in the lungs.[40] Clinical case reports in orthopedic applications have been published, though the number of patients treated is small and these methods still lack demonstrated effectiveness.

Scientists have reported that MSCs when transfused immediately a few hours post thawing may show reduced function or show decreased efficacy in treating diseases as compared to those MSCs which are in log phase of cell growth, so cryopreserved MSCs should be brought back into log phase of cell growth in in vitro culture before these are administered for clinical trials or experimental therapies, re-culturing of MSCs will help in recovering from the shock the cells get during freezing and thawing. Various clinical trials on MSCs have failed which used cryopreserved product immediately post thaw as compared to those clinical trials which used fresh MSCs.[41]

Mesenchymal stem cells have been shown to contribute to cancer progression in a number of different cancers, particularly the hematological malignancies because they contact the transformed blood cells in the bone marrow.[42]

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Mesenchymal stem cell - Wikipedia